Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T22:13:06.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Intentional cognitive control impairments in schizophrenia: Generalized or specific?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2009

GEORGIE PAULIK ,
JOHANNA C. BADCOCK  and
MURRAY T. MAYBERY
GEORGIE PAULIK*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
JOHANNA C. BADCOCK
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry / Graylands Hospital, Claremont, Western Australia, Australia School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
MURRAY T. MAYBERY
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Georgie Paulik, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. E-mail: georgiepaulik@graduate.uwa.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Impairments in intentional—but not unintentional—inhibition have been found in schizophrenia, and are thought to contribute to the presence of psychotic symptoms. However, it was previously unknown whether this intentional cognitive control impairment extends to intentional resistance to interference—another form of cognitive control. The current study resolved this issue through administering two cognitive control measures: one with a high intentional resistance to interference demand and the other with a high unintentional inhibition demand, to schizophrenia (n = 61) and healthy control (n = 34) participants. Consistent with previous findings, schizophrenia participants’ performance on the measures with a high unintentional inhibition demand was intact; however, they were impaired on the task with high intentional resistance to interference demands compared with controls. This latter finding suggests that intentional cognitive control impairments previously found in schizophrenia are not specific to inhibition, but instead are more general, including both processes requiring inhibition (as consistently reported in the literature) and resistance to interference (as found in the current study). (JINS, 2009, 15, 982–989.)

Keywords

SchizophreniaCognitive controlInhibitionInterferenceIntentionalUnintentional
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 15 , Issue 6 , November 2009 , pp. 982 - 989
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amieva, H., Phillips, L.H., Della Sala, S., & Henry, J.D. (2004). Inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 127, 949–964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amir, N., Coles, M.E., & Foa, E.B. (2002). Automatic and strategic activation and inhibition of threat-relevant information in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 645–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrés, P., Guerrini, C., Phillips, L.H., & Perfect, T.J. (2008). Differential effects of aging on executive and automatic inhibition. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 101–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnsten, A.F.T, (1998). Catecholamine modulation of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Trends in Cognitive Science, 2, 436–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badcock, J.C., Michie, P.T., Johnson, L., & Combrinck, J. (2002). Acts of control in schizophrenia: Dissociating the components of inhibition. Psychological Medicine, 32, 287–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badcock, J.C., Waters, F.A., & Maybery, M.T. (2007). On keeping (intrusive) thoughts to one’s self: Testing a cognitive model of auditory hallucinations in obsessive compulsive disorder. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 78–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkley, R.A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Battig, W.F., & Montague, W.E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph, 80, 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British National Formulary. (1995). British National Formulary. London: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.Google Scholar
Carter, C.S., Robertson, L.C., Chaderjian, M.R., O’Shora-Celaya, L., & Nordahl, T.E. (1994). Attentional asymmetry in schizophrenia: The role of illness subtype and symptomatology. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 18, 661–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castle, D., Jablensky, A., McGrath, J., Carr, V., Morgan, V., Watterreus, A., et al. (2006). The Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP): Development, reliability and applications. Psychological Medicine, 36, 69–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connelly, S.L., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R.T. (1991). Age and reading: The impact of distraction. Psychology and Aging, 6, 533–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donohoe, G., Reilly, R., Clarke, S., Meredith, S., Green, B., Morris, D., et al. (2006). Do antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia provide evidence of a specific inhibitory function? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 901–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Earles, J.L., Connor, L.T., Frieske, D., Park, D.C., Smith, A.D., & Zwahr, M. (1997). Age differences in inhibition: Possible causes and consequences. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4, 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eastvold, A.D., Heaton, R.K., & Cadenhead, K.S. (2007). Neurocognitive deficits in the (putative) prodrome and first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 93, 266–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, K., Goldberg, T.E., Gold, J.M., & Weinberger, D.R. (1995). Verbal working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: Use of a Brown-Peterson paradigm. Psychiatry Research, 56, 155–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, N.P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C.D. (1979). Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 225–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garety, P.A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., & Bebbington, P.E. (2001). A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 31, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooding, D.C., Braun, J.G., & Studer, J.A. (2006). Attentional network task performance in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Evidence of a specific deficit. Schizophrenia Research, 88, 169–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillem, F., Rinaldi, M., Pampoulova, T., & Strip, E. (2008). The complex relationships between executive functions and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 38, 853–860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harnishfeger, K.K. (1995). The development of cognitive inhibition: Theories, definitions, and research evidence. In Dempster, F.N., & Brainerd, C.J. (Eds.), Interference and inhibition in cognition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Henik, A., & Salo, R. (2004). Schizophrenia and the stroop effect. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 42–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopko, D.R., Ashcraft, M.H., Gute, J., Ruggiero, K.J., & Lewis, C. (1998). Mathematics anxiety and working memory: Support for the existence of a deficient inhibition mechanism. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 343–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaladjian, A., Jeanningros, R., Azorin, J., Grimault, S., Anton, J., & Mazzola-Pomietto, P. (2007). Blunted activation in right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during motor response inhibition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 97, 184–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2000). Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: Limits on long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 336–358.Google ScholarPubMed
Koechlin, E., Ody, C., & Kouneiher, F. (2003). The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Science, 302, 1181–1185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopp, B., & Rist, F. (1999). An event-related brain potential substrate of disturbed response monitoring in paranoid schizophrenic patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 337–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A.F., Humphrey, D.G., Larish, J.F., Logan, G.D., & Strayer, D.L. (1994). Aging and inhibition: Beyond a unitary view of inhibitory processing in attention. Psychology and Aging, 9, 491–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lau, M.A., Christensen, B.K., Hawley, L.L., Gemar, M.S., & Segal, Z.V. (2007). Inhibitory deficits for negative information in persons with major depressive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1249–1259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNab, F., Leroux, G., Strand, F., Thorell, L., Bergman, S., & Klingberg, T. (2008). Common and unique components of inhibition and working memory: An fMRI, within subject investigation. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2668–2682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlotti, E., Piegari, G., & Galderisi, S. (2005). Cognitive impairment as a core feature of schizophrenia. Minerva Psichiatrica, 46, 67–77.Google Scholar
Morey, R.A., Inan, S., Mitchell, T.V., Perkins, D.O., Lieberman, J.A., & Belger, A. (2005). Imaging frontostriatal function in ultra-high risk, early, and chronic schizophrenia during executive processing. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 254–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, H.E., & Willison, J.R. (1991). National adult reading test manual (3rd ed.). Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Nigg, J.T., Butler, K.M., Huang-Pollock, C.L., & Henderson, J.M. (2002). Inhibitory processes in adults with persistent childhood onset ADHD. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 70, 153–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulik, G., Badcock, J.C., & Maybery, M.T. (2007). Poor intentional inhibition in individuals predisposed to hallucinations. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 457–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulik, G., Badcock, J.C., & Maybery, M.T. (2008). Dissociating the components of inhibitory control involved in predisposition to hallucinations. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 13, 33–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Racsmany, M., Conway, M.A., Garab, E.A., Cimmer, C., Janka, Z., Kurimay, T., et al. (2008). Disrupted memory inhibition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 101, 218–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radvansky, G.A., & Copeland, D.E. (2006). Memory retrieval and interference: Working memory issues. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randolph, C., Gold, J.M., Carpenter, C.J., Goldberg, T.E., & Weinberger, D.R. (1992). Release from proactive interference: Determinants of performance and neuropsychological correlates. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 785–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, R., Harris, J.G., Olincy, A., Radant, A.D., Adler, L.E., & Freedman, R. (1998). Familial transmission of two independent saccadic abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 30, 59–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, R.G., Wagner, B., Heinlein, S., & Zerbe, G.O. (2008). The stability of inhibitory and working memory deficits in children and adolescents who are children of parents with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 47–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salame, P., & Danion, J.M. (2007). Inhibition of inappropriate responses is preserved in the think-no-think and impaired in the random number generation tasks in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 277–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salthouse, T.A., Atkinson, T.M., & Berish, D.E. (2003). Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 566–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seedat, S., Fritelli, V., Oosthuizen, P., Emsley, R.A., & Stein, D.J. (2007). Measuring anxiety in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 195, 320–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheehan, D.V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K.H., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., et al. , (1997). The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. European Psychiatry, 12, 232–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solso, R.L. (1995). Cognitive psychology (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Stuss, D.T., Toth, J.P., Franchi, D., Alexander, M.P., Tipper, S., & Craik, F.I. (1999). Dissociation of attentional processes in patients with focal frontal and posterior lesions. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1005–1027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, F.A., Badcock, J.C., Maybery, M.T., & Michie, P.T. (2003). Inhibition in schizophrenia: Association with auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research, 62, 275–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wilson, S.P., & Kipp, K. (1998). The development of efficient inhibition: Evidence from directed-forgetting tasks. Developmental Review, 18, 86–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, J., Mathews, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2001). Anxiety and cognitive inhibition. Emotion, 1, 166–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, S.W. (2003). Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 663–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research, Vol. 1. (10th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Wykes, T., Reeder, C., & Corner, J. (2000). The prevalence and stability of an executive processing deficit, response inhibition, in people with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 46, 241–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yucel, M., Volker, C., Collie, A., Maruff, P., Danckert, J., Velakoulis, D., et al. (2002). Impairments of response conflict monitoring and resolution in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 32, 1251–1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zec, R.F. (1995). Neuropsychology of schizophrenia according to Kraepelin: Disorders of volition and executive functioning. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 216–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigmond, A.S., & Snaith, R.P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed