Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T13:50:38.594Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcome after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older People

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2021

Camilla H. Hume Open the ORCID record for Camilla H. Hume [Opens in a new window] ,
Bradley J. Wright  and
Glynda J. Kinsella
Camilla H. Hume*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Bradley J. Wright
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Glynda J. Kinsella
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Caulfield Hospital, Caulfield, Australia
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Camilla H. Hume, Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia. E-mail: C.Hume@latrobe.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Older age is often identified as a risk factor for poor outcome from traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, this relates predominantly to mortality following moderate–severe TBI. It remains unclear whether increasing age exerts risk on the expected recovery from mild TBI (mTBI). In this systematic review of mTBI in older age (60+ years), a focus was to identify outcome through several domains – cognition, psychological health, and life participation.

Methods:

Fourteen studies were identified for review, using PRISMA guidelines. Narrative synthesis is provided for all outcomes, from acute to long-term time points, and a meta-analysis was conducted for data investigating life participation.

Results:

By 3-month follow-up, preliminary findings indicate that older adults continue to experience selective cognitive difficulties, but given the data it is possible these difficulties are due to generalised trauma or preexisting cognitive impairment. In contrast, there is stronger evidence across time points that older adults do not experience elevated levels of psychological distress following injury and endorse fewer psychological symptoms than younger adults. Meta-analysis, based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months+ post-injury, indicates that a large proportion (67%; 95% CI 0.569, 0.761) of older adults can achieve good functional recovery, similar to younger adults. Nevertheless, individual studies using alternative life participation measures suggest more mixed rates of recovery.

Conclusions:

Although our initial review suggests some optimism in recovery from mTBI in older age, there is an urgent need for more investigations in this under-researched but growing demographic. This is critical for ensuring adequate health service provision, if needed.

Keywords

Brain concussion (MeSH)mTBIAged (MeSH)Older ageCognition (MeSH)Mental health (MeSH)Social participation (MeSH)Activities of daily living (MeSH)
Type
Critical Review
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 28 , Issue 7 , August 2022 , pp. 736 - 755
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abdulle, A. E., De Koning, M. E., van der Horn, H. J., Scheenen, M. E., Roks, G., Hageman, G. … van der Naalt, J. (2018). Early predictors for long-term functional outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in frail elderly patients. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(6), E9–E67. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000368 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdulle, A. E., & van der Naalt, J. (2020). The role of mood, post-traumatic stress, post-concussive symptoms and coping on outcome after MTBI in elderly patients. International Review of Psychiatry, 32(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1664421 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, A. F., Paul, G., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2013). Risk factors for falls among older adults: A review of the literature. Maturitas, 75(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreas, S., Schulz, H., Volkert, J., Dehoust, M., Sehner, S., Suling, A. … Härter, M. (2017). Pervalence of mental disorders in elderly people: The European MentDis_ICF65+ study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210, 125–131. https://doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180463 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asselstine, J., Kristman, V. L., Armstrong, J. J., & Dewan, N. (2020). The Rivermead Post-Concussion Questionnaire score is associated with disability and self-reported recovery six months after mild traumatic brain injury in older adults. Brain Injury, 34(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1682670 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baugh, C. M., Stamm, J. M., Riley, D. O., Gavett, B. E., Shenton, M. E., Lin, A., … Stern, R. A. (2012). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 6(2), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-012-9164-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2005). Comprehensive Meta Analysis, (version 3) [Computer Software] (3rd edition). Biostat. http://www.meta-analysis.com Google Scholar
Carroll, L. J., Cassidy, J. D., Peloso, P. M., Borg, J., von Holst, H., Holm, L., … Pépin, M. (2004). Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, Supplement, 43, 84–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501960410023859 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J. D., Cancelliere, C., Carroll, L. J., Côté, P., Hincapié, C. A., Holm, L. W., … Borg, J. (2014). Systematic review of self-reported prognosis in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(3) S132–S151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.299 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, P. L., Lin, H. Y., Lee, Y. K., Hsu, C. Y., Lee, C. C., & Su, Y. C. (2014). Higher mortality rates among the elderly with mild traumatic brain injury: A nationwide cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 22(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-22-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds, C. G & Brown, C. (2010). Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: The impact of stigma and race. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 531–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, J. R., Henry, J. D., Crombie, C., & Taylor, E. P. (2001). Normative data for the HADS from a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(4), 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466501163904 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowe, L., Babl, F., Anderson, V., & Catroppa, C. (2009). The epidemiology of paediatric head injuries: Data from a referral centre in victoria, Australia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 45(6), 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01499.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dams-O’Connor, K., Cuthbert, J. P., Whyte, J., Corrigan, J. D., Faul, M., & Harrison-Felix, C. (2013). Traumatic brain injury among older adults at level i and II trauma centers. Journal of Neurotrauma, 30(24), 2001–2013. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3047 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Koning, M. E., Scheenen, M. E., van der Horn, H. J., Hageman, G., Roks, G., Spikman, J. M., & van der Naalt, J. (2017). Non-Hospitalized patients with mild traumatic brain injury: The forgotten minority. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(1), 257–261. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.4377 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Silva, M. J., Roberts, I., Perel, P., Edwards, P., Kenward, M. G., Fernandes, J., … Patel, V. (2009). Patient outcome after traumatic brain injury in high-, middle- and low-income countries: Analysis of data on 8927 patients in 46 countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(2), 452–458. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn189 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deb, S., Lyons, I., & Koutzoukis, C. (1998). Neuropsychiatric sequelae one year after a minor head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 65(6), 809. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.65.6.809 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewan, M. C., Rattani, A., Gupta, S., Baticulon, R. E., Hung, Y. C., Punchak, M., … Park, K. B. (2019). Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 130(4), 1080–1097. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.10.JNS17352 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emery, C. A., Barlow, K. M., Brooks, B. L., Max, J. E., Villavicencio-Requis, A., Gnanakumar, V., … Yeates, K. O. (2016). A systematic review of psychiatric, psychological, and behavioural outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(5), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716643741 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fann, J. R., Bombardier, C. H., Dikmen, S., Esselman, P., Warms, C. A., Pelzer, E., … Temkin, N. (2005). Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in assessing depression following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 20(6), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200511000-00003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faul, M., Xu, L., Wald, M. M., & Coronado, V. (2010). Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths, 2002–2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L. & Gatz, M. (2009). Depression in older adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 363–389. https://doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fjell, A. M., & Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Structural brain changes in aging: Courses, causes and cognitive consequences. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 21(3), 187–221. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVNEURO.2010.21.3.187 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flaada, J. T., Leibson, C. L., Mamdrekar, J. N., Diehl, N., Perkins, P. K., Brown, A. W., & Malec, J. F. (2007). Relative risk of mortality after traumatic brain injury: A population-based study of the role of age and injury severity. Journal of Neurotrauma, 24(3), 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.0119 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flanagan, S. R., Hibbard, M. R., & Gordon, W. A. (2005). The impact of age on traumatic brain injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 16(1), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2004.06.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frencham, K. A. R., Fox, A. M., & Maybery, M. T. (2005). Neuropsychological studies of mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analytic review of research since 1995. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(3), 334–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490520328 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, R. C., Dams-O’Connor, K., Morrissey, M. R., & Manley, G. T. (2018). Geriatric traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, outcomes, knowledge gaps, and future directions. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(7), 889–906. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5371 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godbolt, A. K., Cancelliere, C., Hincapié, C. A., Marras, C., Boyle, E., Kristman, V. L. … Cassidy, J. D. (2014). Systematic review of the risk of dementia and chronic cognitive impairment after mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(3), S245–S256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.06.036 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hashmi, A., Ibrahim-Zada, I., Rhee, P., Aziz, H., Fain, M. J., Friese, R. S., & Joseph, B. (2014). Predictors of mortality in geriatric trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 76(3), 894–901. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182ab0763 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, D. M., Martin, A. M., Baker, D. G., Vasterling, J. J. & Risbrough, V. (2018). The relationship between chronic pain and neurocognitive function. Clinical Journal of Pain, 34(3), 262–275. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000536 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. The British Journal of Medicine, 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/http://doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoge, C. W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., Engel, C. C., & Castro, C. A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(5), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7197.1565a CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, T., Hunt, C. & Ouchterlony, D. (2017). Is age associated with the severity of post-mild traumatic brain injury symptoms? Candian Journal of Neurological Science, 44, 384–390. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2016.441 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hukkelhoven, C. W. P. M., Steyerberg, E. W., Rampen, A. J. J., Farace, E., Habbema, J. D. F., Marshall, … Maas, A. I. R. (2003). Patient age and outcome following severe traumatic brain injury: An analysis of 5600 patients. Journal of Neurosurgery, 99(4), 666–673. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.4.0666 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, S. L., Bannick, M. S., Montjoy-Venning, W. C., Lucchesi, L. R., Dandona, L., Dandona, R. … Zaman, S. B. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(1), 56–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30415-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karibe, H., Hayashi, T., Narisawa, A., Kameyama, M., Nakagawa, A., & Tominaga, T. (2017). Clinical characteristics and outcome in elderly patients with traumatic brain injury: For establishment of management strategy. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica, 57(8), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.st.2017-0058 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2014). The neuropsychological outcomes of concussion: A systematic review of meta-analyses on the cognitive sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 28(3), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000037 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karr, J. E., Luoto, T. M., Gilman, I. G., Berghem, K., Kotilainen, A. K., & Iverson, G. L. (2020). Age, symptoms, and functional outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 141(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13190 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsella, G. J., Olver, J., Ong, B., Gruen, R., & Hammersley, E. (2014). Mild traumatic brain injury in older adults: Early cognitive outcome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(6), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617714000447 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsella, G. J., Olver, J., Ong, B., Hammersley, E., & Plowright, B. (2014). Traumatic brain injury in older adults: Does age matter? (Levin, H. S., Shum, D., & Chan, R. C. K. (eds.)). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Korley, F. K., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Falk, H. J., Peters, M. E., Leoutsakos, J. M. S., Roy, D., … Bechtold, K. T. (2017). Prevalence of incomplete functional and symptomatic recovery among patients with head injury but brain injury debatable. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(8), 1531–1538. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4723 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristman, V. L., Borg, J., Godbolt, A. K., Salmi, L. R., Cancelliere, C., Carroll, L. J., … Cassidy, J. D. (2014). Methodological issues and research recommendations for prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(3), S265–S277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.04.026 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristman, V. L., Brison, R. J., Bedard, M., Reguly, P., & Chisholm, S. (2016). Prognostic markers for poor recovery after mild traumatic brain injury in older adults: A pilot cohort study. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(6), E33–E43. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000226 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, R. G., Juengst, S. B., Wang, Z., Dams-O’Connor, K., Dikmen, S. S., O’Neil-Pirozzi, T. M. … Wagner, A. K. (2018). Epidemiology of Comorbid Conditions among Adults 50 Years and Older with Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000273 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S. B., Oh, J. H., Park, J. H., Choi, S. P.& Wee, J. H. (2018). Differences in youngest-old, middle-old, and oldest-old patients who visit the emergency department. Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine, 5(4), 249–255. doi: 10.15441/ceem.17.261 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levis, B., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D. (2019). Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis. The BMJ, 365. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1476 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., Roberts, R. E., & Allen, N. B. (1997). Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.277 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S. … Mukadam, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, A., Mehta, S., Aubut, J. A., Dijkers, M., & Teasell, R. W. (2013). Mortality among older adults after a traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Brain Injury, 27(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.700086 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, A., Mehta, S., Janzen, S., Aubut, J., & Teasell, R. W. (n.d.). A meta-analysis of functional outcome among older adults with traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 32(2), 409–414. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-130862 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, P., Hricik, A., Yue, J. K., Puccio, A. M., Inoue, T., Lingsma, H. F. … Vassar, M. J. (2014). Symptomatology and functional outcome in mild traumatic brain injury: Results from the prospective TRACK-TBI study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.2984 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMillan, T., Wilson, L., Ponsford, J., Levin, H., Teasdale, G., & Bond, M. (2016). The Glasgow Outcome Scale-40 years of application and refinement. Nature Reviews Neurology, 12(8), 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.89 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meares, S., Shores, E. A., Taylor, A. J., Batchelor, J., Bryant, R. A., Baguley, I. J. … Marosszeky, J. E. (2011). The Prospective Course of Postconcussion Syndrome: The Role of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuropsychology, 25(4), 454–465. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022580 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., & Maas, A. I. (2010). Position statement: Definition of traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1637–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.05.017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitra, B., & Cameron, P. A. (2012). Optimising management of the elderly trauma patient. Injury, 43(7), 973–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.05.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Altman, D., Antes, G. … Tugwell, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosenthal, A. C., Livingston, D. H., Lavery, R. F., Knudson, M. M., Lee, S., Morabito, D. … Coimbra, R. (2004). The effect of age on functional outcome in mild traumatic brain injury: 6-Month report of a prospective multicenter trial. Journal of Trauma - Injury, Infection and Critical Care, 56(5), 1042–1048. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TA.0000127767.83267.33 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2003). Report to congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-102-25369 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. (2017). Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019). Head Injury: Assessment and Early Management. In Clinical Guideline.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. D., Temkin, N. R., Dikmen, S., Barber, J., Giacino, J. T., Yuh, E. … Zafonte, R. (2019). Recovery after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Patients Presenting to US Level I Trauma Centers: A Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) Study. JAMA Neurology, 76(9), 1049–1059. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1313 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, R., Fiest, K. M., McChesney, J., Kwon, C. S., Jette, N., Frolkis, A. D. … Gallagher, C. (2016). The international incidence of traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 43(6), 774–785. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.290 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peck, K. A., Calvo, R. Y., Schechter, M. S., Sise, C. B., Kahl, J. E., Shackford, M. C. … Blaskiewicz, D. J. (2014). The impact of preinjury anticoagulants and prescription antiplatelet agents on outcomes in older patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 76(2), 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000107 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, M. E., & Gardner, R. C. (2018). Traumatic brain injury in older adults: do we need a different approach? Concussion, 3(3), CNC56. https://doi.org/10.2217/cnc-2018-0001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponsford, J., Hill, B., Karamitsios, M. & Bahar-Fuchs, A. (2008). Factors influencing outcome after orthopedic trauma. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection and Critical Care, 64(4), 1001–1009. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31809fec16 Google ScholarPubMed
Ponsford, J., Nguyen, S., Downing, M., Bosch, M., McKenzie, J. E., Turner, S. … Green, S. (2019). Factors associated with persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 51(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2492 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quigley, J. M., Thompson, J. C., Halfpenny, N. J., & Scott, D. A. (2019). Critical appraisal of nonrandomized studies—A review of recommended and commonly used tools. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 25(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12889 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapoport, M. J., & Feinstein, A. (2001). Age and functioning after mild traumatic brain injury: The acute picture. Brain Injury, 15(10), 857–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050110065303 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapoport, M. J., McCullagh, S., Streiner, D., & Feinstein, A. (2003). Age and major depression after mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(3), 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200305000-00015 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raskin, S. A., Lovejoy, D. W., Stevens, M. C., Zamroziewicz, M., & Oakes, H. J. (2014). Mild traumatic brain injury. In Levin, H., Shum, D., & Chan, R. (Eds.), Understanding Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Research and Future Directions (p. 370). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richey, L. N., Rao, V., Roy, D., Narapareddy, B. R., Wigh, S., Bechtold, K. T. … Peters, M. E. (2020). Age differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: results from the HeadSMART study. International Review of Psychiatry, 32(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1657076 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohling, M. L., Binder, L. M., Demakis, G. J., Larrabee, G. J., Ploetz, D. M., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of neuropsychological outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: Re-analyses and reconsiderations of Binder et al. (1997), Frencham et al. (2005), and Pertab et al. (2009). Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(4), 608–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.565076 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romero-Ortuno, R., & O’Shea, D. (2013). Fitness and frailty: Opposite ends of a challenging continuum! Will the end of age discrimination make frailty assessments an imperative? Age and Ageing, 42(3), 279–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs189 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubenstein, L. Z. (2006). Falls in older people: Epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age and Ageing, 35(SUPPL.2), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afl084 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheenen, M. E., Spikman, J. M., De Koning, M. E., van der Horn, H. J., Roks, G., Hageman, G., & van der Naalt, J. (2017). Patients “at risk” of suffering from persistent complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: The role of coping, mood disorders, and post-traumatic stress. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.4381 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, E. B., Sur, S., Raymont, V., Duckworth, J., Kowalski, R. G., Efron, D. T. … Stevens, R. D. (2014). Functional recovery after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury: A role for cognitive reserve? Neurology, 82(18), 1636–1642. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000379 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneiderman, A. I., Braver, E. R., & Kang, H. K. (2008). Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(12), 1446–1452. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn068 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seno, S., Tomura, S., Ono, K., Tanaka, Y., Ikeuchi, H., & Saitoh, D. (2019). Poor prognostic factors in elderly patients aged 75 years old or older with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 67, 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.06.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverberg, N. D., Crane, P. K., Dams-O’Connor, K., Holdnack, J., Ivins, B. J., Lange, R. T. … Iverson, G. L. (2017). Developing a Cognition Endpoint for Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Trials. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(2), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4443 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Susman, M., Dirusso, S. M., Sullivan, T., Risucci, D., Nealon, P., Cuff, S. … & Benzil, D. (2002). Traumatic brain injury in the elderly: Increased mortality and worse functional outcome at discharge despite lower injury severity. The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 53(2), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1097/01TA.0000024249.40070.BD CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, H. J., Dikmen, S., & Temkin, N. (2012). Prevalence of comorbidity and its association with traumatic brain injury and outcomes in older adults. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 5(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.3928/19404921-20111206-02 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, H. J., McCormick, W. C., & Kagan, S. H. (2006). Traumatic brain injury in older adults: Epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(10), 1590–1595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00894.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Horn, H. J., Spikman, J. M., Jacobs, B., & van der Naalt, J. (2013). Postconcussive complaints, anxiety, and depression related to vocational outcome in minor to severe traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(5), 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.039 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Naalt, J., Timmerman, M. E., de Koning, M. E., van der Horn, H. J., Scheenen, M. E., Jacobs, B., Hageman, G., Yilmaz, T., Roks, G., & Spikman, J. M. (2017). Early predictors of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (UPFRONT): an observational cohort study. The Lancet Neurology, 16(7), 532–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30117-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veritas Health Innovation. (n.d.). Covidence Systematic Reviews Software.Google Scholar
Vincent, H. K., Horodyski, M., Vincent, K. R., Brisbane, S. T. & Sadasivan, K. K. (2015). Psychological distress after orthopedic trauma: Prevalence in patients and implications for rehabilitation. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 7(9), 978–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.03.007 Google ScholarPubMed
Vogeli, C., Shields, A. E., Lee, T. A., Gibson, T. B., Marder, W. D., Weiss, K. B., & Blumenthal, D. (2007). Multiple chronic conditions: Prevalence, health consequences, and implications for quality, care management, and costs. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(SUPPL. 3), 391–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0322-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetherell, J. L., Petkus, A. J., McChesney, K., Stein, M. B., Judd, P. H., Rockwell, E. … Patterson, T. L. (2009). Older adults are less accurate than younger adults at identifying symptoms of anxiety and depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(8), 623–626. https://doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b0c081 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organisation. (2011). Global Health and Aging . Global Health and Aging. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00006-9 Google Scholar
Wuthrich, V. M., Johnco, C. J. & Wetherell, J. L. (2015). Differences in anxiety and depression symptoms: Comparison between older and younger clinical samples. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(9), 1523–1532. https://doi:10.1017/S1041610215000526 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Hume et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Hume et al. supplementary material(File)
File 18.2 KB