It is proved that the following classes of finitely generated groups have $\Pi_1^1$-complete first-order theories: all finitely generated groups, the $n$-generated groups, and the strictly $n$-generated groups ($n\,{\geqslant}\,2$). Moreover, all those theories are distinct. Similar techniques show that quasi-finitely axiomatizable groups have a hyperarithmetical word problem, where a finitely generated group is quasi-finitely axiomatizable if it is the only finitely generated group satisfying an appropriate first-order sentence. The Turing degrees of word problems of quasi-finitely axiomatizable groups form a cofinal set in the Turing degrees of hyperarithmetical sets.

Hall's theorem for bipartite graphs gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a matching in a given bipartite graph. Aharoni and Ziv have generalized the notion of matchability to a pair of possibly infinite matroids on the same set and given a condition that is sufficient for the matchability of a given pair $(\mathcal{M},\mathcal{W})$ of finitary matroids, where the matroid $\mathcal{M}$ is SCF (a sum of countably many matroids of finite rank). The condition of Aharoni and Ziv is not necessary for matchability. The paper gives a condition that is necessary for the existence of a matching for any pair of matroids (not necessarily finitary) and is sufficient for any pair $(\mathcal{M},\mathcal{W})$ of finitary matroids, where the matroid $\mathcal{M}$ is SCF.

It is proved that the 3-part of the class number of a quadratic field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})$ is $O(|D|^{55/112 + \ep})$ in general and $O(|D|^{5/12+\ep})$ if $|D|$ has a divisor of size $|D|^{5/6}$. These bounds follow as results of nontrivial estimates for the number of solutions to the congruence $x^a \,{\con}\, y^b$ modulo $q$ in the ranges $x \,{\leqslant}\,X$ and $y\,{\leqslant}\, Y$, where $a,b$ are nonzero integers and $q$ is a square-free positive integer. Furthermore, it is shown that the number of elliptic curves over $\Q$ with conductor $N$ is $O(N^{55/112 + \ep})$ in general and $O(N^{5/12 + \ep})$ if $N$ has a divisor of size $N^{5/6}$. These results are the first improvements to the trivial bound $O(|D|^{1/2 + \ep})$ and the resulting bound $O(N^{1/2 + \ep})$ for the 3-part and the number of elliptic curves, respectively.

Let \$C\$ be an irreducible, smooth, projective curve of genus \$g$\backslash$geqslant 3\$ over the complex field \$$\backslash$mathbb\{C\}\$. The curve \$C\$ is called \{$\backslash$em bielliptic\} if it admits a degree-two morphism \$$\backslash$pi$\backslash$colon C$\backslash$longrightarrow E\$ onto an elliptic curve \$E\$; such a morphism is called a \{$\backslash$em bielliptic structure\} on \$C\$. If \$C\$ is bielliptic and \$g$\backslash$geqslant 6\$, then the bielliptic structure on \$C\$ is unique, but if \$g=3,4,5\$, then this holds true only generically and there are curves carrying \$n>1\$ bielliptic structures. The sharp bounds \$n$\backslash$leqslant 21,10,5\$ exist for \$g=3,4,5\$ respectively. Let \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{M\}\_g\$ be the coarse moduli space of irreducible, smooth, projective curves of genus \$g=3,4,5\$. Denote by \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}n\$ the locus of points in \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{M\}\_g\$ representing curves carrying at least \$n\$ bielliptic structures. It is then natural to ask the following questions. Clearly \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}n$\backslash$subseteq $\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}\{n-1\}\$; does \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}n$\backslash$neq$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}\{n-1\}\$ hold? What are the irreducible components of \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}n\$? Are the irreducible components of \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}n\$ rational? How do the irreducible components of \$$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}n\$ intersect each other? Let \$C$\backslash$in$\backslash$mathfrak\{B\}\_g{\^{}}2\$; how many non-isomorphic elliptic quotients can it have? Complete answers are given to the above questions in the case \$g=4\$.

The uniserial $p$-adic space groups of coclass $r$ play a central role in the classification of the finite $p$-groups of coclass $r$. A practical algorithm to determine up to isomorphism the uniserial $p$-adic space groups of coclass $r$, where $p$ is an odd prime, is described. As an application, these groups are constructed or counted for some values on $p$ and $r$. For example, it is observed that there are 137 299 953 383 uniserial 3-adic space groups of coclass 4.

The class of co-context-free groups is studied. A co-context-free group is defined as one whose co-word problem (the complement of its word problem) is context-free. This class is larger than the subclass of context-free groups, being closed under the taking of finite direct products, restricted standard wreath products with context-free top groups, and passing to finitely generated subgroups and finite index overgroups. No other examples of co-context-free groups are known. It is proved that the only examples amongst polycyclic groups or the Baumslag–Solitar groups are virtually abelian. This is done by proving that languages with certain purely arithmetical properties cannot be context-free; this result may be of independent interest.

A study is made of groups with finitely many derived groups of subgroups or of infinite subgroups. These groups are classified completely in the locally graded case. In the general case, detailed structural information about groups in each class is found.

It is shown that for any meromorphic function $f$ the Julia set $J(f)$ has constant local upper and lower box dimensions, $\overline{d}(J(f))$ and $\underline{d}(J(f))$ respectively, near all points of $J(f)$ with at most two exceptions. Further, the packing dimension of the Julia set is equal to $\overline{d}(J(f))$. Using this result it is shown that, for any transcendental entire function $f$ in the class $B$ (that is, the class of functions such that the singularities of the inverse function are bounded), both the local upper box dimension and packing dimension of $J(f)$ are equal to 2. The approach is to show that the subset of the Julia set containing those points that escape to infinity as quickly as possible has local upper box dimension equal to 2.

A method is presented to construct interpolation functions into the $2\times 2$ open spectral unit ball. For the spectral Nevanlinna–Pick problem, these functions are in some sense extremal, and the set of all these interpolation functions is enough to solve any interpolation problem, with solvable finite interpolation data. This fact is used to compute the complex geodesics for the symmetrized bidisc and for the spectral unit ball, and to solve completely the two-point interpolation problem for the two target sets.

The sector of analyticity of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup is computed on the space $L^p_\mu \,{:=}\, L^p (\R^N; \mu)$ with respect to its invariant measure $\mu$. If $A\,{=}\,\Delta + Bx\cdot \nabla$ denotes the generator of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup, then the angle $\theta_2$ of the sector of analyticity in $L^2_\mu$ is ${\pi}/{2}$ minus the spectral angle of $BQ_\infty, Q_\infty$ being the matrix determining the Gaussian measure $\mu$. The angle of analyticity in $L^p_\mu$ is then given by the formula \[\cot {\theta_p} = \frac{\sqrt{(p-2)^2+p^2(\cot\theta_2)^2}}{2\sqrt{p-1}}.\]

A spectral inclusion theorem and a spectral mapping theorem are proved for the functional calculus for sectorial operators. Most proofs are generic, so that similar results can be obtained for other functional calculi. Applications are a new proof for the spectral mapping theorem for fractional powers and the identity $\sigma(\log A)\,{=}\,\log(\sigma(A)\ohne\{0\})$ for any injective sectorial operator $A$.

Extensions of the concept of asymptotic independence which are useful in the study of abelian C$^*$-algebras generated by the union of two of their C$^*$-subalgebras are examined. Non-trivial examples are also given in terms of classes of bounded continuous functions defined on a locally compact group.

Certain linear operators from a Banach algebra $A$ into a Banach $A$-bimodule $X$, which are called approximately local derivations, are studied. It is shown that when $A$ is a ${\rm C^*}$-algebra, a Banach algebra generated by idempotents, a semisimple annihilator Banach algebra, or the group algebra of a SIN or a totally disconnected group, bounded approximately local derivations from $A$ into $X$ are derivations. This, in particular, extends a result of B. E. Johnson that ‘local derivations on ${\rm C^*}$-algebras are derivations’ and provides an alternative proof of it.

Some geometrical properties associated to the contact of submanifolds with hyperhorospheres in hyperbolic $n$-space are studied as an application of the theory of Legendrian singularities.

Scharlemann and Thompson introduced an invariant $\rho(K,\gamma)\in \mathbb{Q}/2\mathbb{Z}$ for the pair of a knot $K$ in the 3-sphere and an unknotting tunnel $\gamma$ for $K$. The paper studies the relationship between the invariant $\rho(K,\gamma)$ of a (1,1)-knot and the distance of its (1,1)-splitting introduced by the author.