Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:36:29.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the south-western Caspian Sea during 2009–2010: a comparison with previous surveys

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2012

Siamak Bagheri ,
Mashhor Mansor ,
Muhammet Turkoglu ,
Marzieh Makaremi  and
Hadi Babaei
Siamak Bagheri
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Inland Waters Aquaculture Institute, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization (IFRO), 66 Anzali, Iran
Mashhor Mansor
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Muhammet Turkoglu*
Affiliation:
Fisheries Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Çanakkale, Turkey
Marzieh Makaremi
Affiliation:
Inland Waters Aquaculture Institute, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization (IFRO), 66 Anzali, Iran
Hadi Babaei
Affiliation:
Inland Waters Aquaculture Institute, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization (IFRO), 66 Anzali, Iran
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: M. Turkoglu, Fisheries Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Çanakkale, Turkey email: mturkoglu@comu.edu.tr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study focuses on spatial and temporal distribution and species composition of phytoplankton in the south-western Caspian Sea between July 2009 and March 2010. Samples were collected from 11 stations along three transects: Lisar, Anzali and Sefidrood. Among 44 identified phytoplankton species, diatoms (70.2%) and cyanophytes (25.0%) were dominant. The average phytoplankton abundance was calculated as 1.085E + 05 cells l−1. Among the phytoplankton groups, diatom density was higher (70.2%) than two out of three of total abundance in density of 1.085E + 05 cells l−1. Cyanophytes were the second important group (25.0%) contributing to total phytoplankton. Dinoflagellates, chlorophytes and euglenoids were other contributors to total phytoplankton. Diatoms Dactyliosolen fragilissimus and Skeletonema costatum and cyanophyte Oscillatoria sp. numerically dominated in the system. There were major changes in phytoplankton composition and average phytoplankton density was higher than those documented in 1996–1997 and 2005. The average concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic silicate were 14.5 ± 6.32, 1.14 ± 0.44 and 5.10 ± 3.98 μM, respectively, and these concentrations were strikingly high. Increases in DIN and DIP concentrations were more than twofold compared to recorded values during the last 2 decades due to the eutrophication. Fluctuations in nutrients played an important role in the variation of phytoplankton composition and abundance. Chlorophyll-a concentrations varied between 3.22 and 16.1 μg l−1 and there was a significant increase in chlorophyll-a (8.13 ± 5.72 μg l−1) compared to the values in 1996–1997 (1.44 ± 1.48 μg l−1), 2001 (2.62 ± 1.48 μg l−1) and 2005 (2.14 ±1.94 μg l−1).

Keywords

phytoplanktonabundancechlorophyll-anutrientCaspian Sea
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 92 , Issue 6 , September 2012 , pp. 1243 - 1255
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aladin, N.V. and Plotnikov, I.S. (2003) Hydrobiology of the Caspian Sea. In Dying and dead seas. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Press, pp. 185–226.Google Scholar
Antia, N., Harrison, P. and Oliveira, L. (1991) The role of dissolved organic nitrogen in phytoplankton nutrition, cell biology and ecology. Phycologia 30, 1–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagheri, S. and Kideys, A.E. (2003) Distribution and abundance of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the western Iranian coasts of the Caspian Sea. In Yilmaz, A. (ed.) Proceedings of Second International Conference on Oceanography of the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea: Similarities and differences of two interconnected basins. Middle East Technical University, 14–18 October 2002. Ankara, Turkey: TUBITAK Press, pp. 851–856.Google Scholar
Bagheri, S., Mansor, M., Wan Maznah, W.O. and Negarestan, H. (2010) Distribution of Mnemiopsis leidyi and zooplankton in the southwestern Caspian Sea, 2008. In Chung, J.S. (ed.) Proceedings of the Twentieth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, 20–25 June 2010. Beijing, China: ISOPE Press, pp. 1014–1018.Google Scholar
Bilio, M. and Niermann, U. (2004) Is the comb jelly really to blame for it all? Mnemiopsis leidyi and the ecological concerns about the Caspian Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 296, 173–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boalch, G.F. (1987) Changes in the phytoplankton of the western English Channel in recent years. British Journal of Phycology 22, 225–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CEP (2006) National Report of Iran. Azerbaijan: Caspian Sea Environment Programme (CEP), 45 pp.Google Scholar
Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E. and Eaton, A.D. (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association Press.Google Scholar
Cornell, S., Rendell, A. and Jickells, T. (1995) Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans. Nature 376, 243–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, S.C., Jickells, T.D., Cape, J.N., Rowland, A.P. and Duce, R.A. (2003) Organic nitrogen deposition on land and coastal environments: a review of methods and data. Atmospheric Environment 37, 2173–2191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daskalov, G.M. and Mamedov, E.V. (2007) Integrated fisheries assessment and possible causes for the collapse of anchovy kilka in the Caspian Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, 503–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dauchez, S., Legendre, L., Fortier, L. and Levasseur, M. (1996) Nitrate uptake by size-fractionated phytoplankton on the Scotian shelf (Northwest Atlantic): spatial and temporal variability. Journal of Plankton Research 18, 577–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doney, S.C. (2010) The growing human footprint on coastal and open-ocean biogeochemistry. Science 328, 1512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duce, R.A., LaRoche, J., Altieri, K., Arrigo, K.R., Baker, A.R., Capone, D.G., Cornell, S., Dentener, F., Galloway, J., Ganeshram, R.S., Geider, R.J., Jickells, T., Kuypers, M.M., Langlois, R., Liss, P.S., Liu, S.M., Middelburg, J.J., Moore, C.M., Nickovic, S., Oschlies, A., Pedersen, T., Prospero, J., Schlitzer, R., Seitzinger, S., Sorensen, L.L., Uematsu, M., Ulloa, O., Voss, M., Ward, B. and Zamora, L. (2008) Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean. Science 320, 893–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumont, H. (1998) The Caspian Lake: history, biota, structure, and function. Limnology and Oceanography 43, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumont, H. (2000) Endemism in the Ponto-Caspian fauna, with special emphasis on the Onychopoda (Crustacea). Advances in Ecological Research 31, 181–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eker, E., Georgieva, L., Senichkina, L. and Kideys, A.E. (1999) Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995. Journal of Marine Science 56, 15–22.Google Scholar
Eker, E. and Kideys, A.E. (2003). Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996, spring and autumn 1998. Journal of Marine Systems 39, 203–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, J.N., Dentener, F.J., Capone, D.G., Boyer, E.W., Howarth, R.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Asner, G.P., Cleveland, C.C., Green, P.A., Holland, E.A., Karl, D.M., Michaels, A.F., Porter, J.H., Townsend, A.R. and Vöosmarty, C.J. (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present and future. Biogeochemistry 70, 153–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillard, R.R.L. (1978) Counting slides. In Sournia, A. (ed.) Phytoplankton manual. Paris: Unesco, pp. 182–189.Google Scholar
Hasle, G.R. (1978) Using the inverted microscope. In Sournia, A. (ed.) Phytoplankton manual. Paris: Unesco, pp. 191–196.Google Scholar
Humborg, C., Smedberg, E. and Blomqvist, S. (2004) Nutrient variations in boreal and subarctic Swedish rivers: landscape control of land–sea fluxes. Limnology and Oceanography 49, 1871–1883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jafari, N. (2009) Ecological integrity of wetland, their functions and sustainable use. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 1, 045–054.Google Scholar
Justic, D., Rabalais, N., Turner, N. and Dortch, Q. (1995) Changes in nutrient structure of river-dominated coastal waters: stoichiometric nutrient balance and its consequences. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 40, 339–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kangro, K., Laugaste, R., Noges, P. and Ott, I. (2005) Long-term changes and seasonal development of phytoplankton in a strongly stratified, hypertrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 547, 91–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khodaparast, H. (2006) Harmful algal bloom in the southwestern Basin of the Caspian Sea. Tehran: Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Department of Marine Ecology, 26 pp.Google Scholar
Kideys, A.E. and Moghim, M. (2003) Distribution of the alien ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea in August 2001. Marine Biology 142, 163–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kideys, A.E., Soydemir, N., Eker, E., Vladymyrov, V., Soloviev, D. and Melin, F. (2005) Phytoplankton distribution in the Caspian Sea during March 2001. Hydrobiology 543, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kideys, A.E., Roohi, A, Eker, E,. Melin, F. and Beare, D. (2008) Increased chlorophyll a levels in the southern Caspian Sea, following an invasion of jellyfish. Research Letters in Ecology 2008, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, T.W., Lee, K., Najjar, R.G., Jeong, H.D. and Jeong, H.J. (2011) Increasing N abundance in the northwestern Pacific Ocean due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Science DOI: 10.1126/Science.1206583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kormas, K.A., Garametsi, V. and Nicolaidou, A. (2002) Size-fractionated phytoplankton chlorophyll in an Eastern Mediterranean coastal system (Maliakos Gulf, Greece). Helgoland Marine Research 56, 125–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosarev, A.N. and Yablonskaya, E.A. (1994) The Caspian Sea. The Hague, The Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Lahijani, H.A., Tavakoli, V. and Amini, A.H. (2008) South Caspian River mouth configuration ration under human impact and sea level fluctuations. Environmental Sciences 5, 65–86.Google Scholar
Loizzo, A., Sechi, N., Volterra, L. and Contu, A. (1988) Some features of a bloom of Oscillatoria rubescens D.C. registered in two Italian reservoirs. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 38, 263–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAleece, N., Lambshead, P.J.D., Paterson, G.L.J. and Gage, J.D. (1999) Biodiversity Pro. A program research for ecological data. Available at: http://www.nrmc.demonco.uk (accessed 10 October, 2010).Google Scholar
McCarthy, J.J., Yilmaz, A., Coban-Yildiz, Y. and Nevins, J.L. (2007) Nitrogen cycling in the offshore waters of the Black Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 74, 493–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moncheva, O.A. and Carstensen, S.J. (2005) Long-term variability of vertical chlorophyll a and nitrate profiles in the open Black Sea: eutrophication and climate change. Marine Ecology Progress Series 294, 95–107.Google Scholar
Nasrollahzadeh, H.S., Din, Z.B., Foonga, S.Y. and Makhlough, A. (2008) Spatial and temporal distribution of macronutrients and phytoplankton before and after the invasion of the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, in the Southern Caspian Sea. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24, 233–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oguz, T., Cokacar, T., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Ducklow, H.W. (2003) Climatic warming and accompanying changes in the ecological regime of the Black Sea during 1990s. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17, 1088–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paerl, H.W. (1997) Coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: importance of atmospheric deposition and groundwater as new nitrogen and other nutrient sources. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 1154–1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palani, S., Tkalich, P., Balasubramanian, R. and Palanichamy, J. (2011) ANN application for prediction of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to aquatic ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62, 1198–1206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peierls, B.L. and Paerl, H.W. (1997) The bioavailability of atmospheric organic nitrogen deposition to coastal phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 1819–1880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piehler, M.F., Twomey, L.J., Hall, N.S. and Paerl, H.W. (2004) Impacts of inorganic nutrient enrichment on the phytoplankton community structure and function in Pamlico Sound, NC USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prescott, G.W. (1976) The fresh water algae. Dubuque, IA: Brown Company Press.Google Scholar
Raymond, R. (2010) Phytoplankton species and abundance observed during 2008 in the vicinity of the Klamath Hydroelectric Project. Prepared by E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon/Prepared for: PacifiCorp Energy, Portland, 47 pp.Google Scholar
Roohi, A. (2009) Population dynamic and effects of the invasive species ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the southern Caspian Sea. PhD thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.Google Scholar
Roohi, A., Kideys, A.E., Sajjadi, A., Hashemian, A., Pourgholam, R., Fazli, H., Khanari, A.G. and Eker, E. (2010) Changes in biodiversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes and macrobenthos in the Southern Caspian Sea after the invasion of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Biological Invasions 12, 2343–2361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmanov, M.A. (1999) Ecology and biological productivity of the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan: Institute of Zoology, Nauka.Google Scholar
Sharifi, M. (2006) The pattern of Caspian Sea water penetration in the Anzali wetland: introduction of a salt wedge. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 4, 77–81.Google Scholar
Sommer, U. (1994) Are marine diatoms favoured by high Si/N ratios? Marine Ecology Progress Series 115, 309–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sournia, A. (1986) Atlas du phytoplancton marin: Cyanophycées, Dictyochophycées, Dinophycées, Raphidophycées. Paris: Editions du National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Stolberg, F., Borysova, O., Mitrofanov, I., Barannik, V. and Eghtesadi, P. (2006) Global international waters assessment Caspian Sea. Regional Assessment Report, University of Kalmar, Sweden, 71 pp.Google Scholar
Stone, R. (2002) Caspian ecology teeters on the brink. Science 295, 430–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiffany, L.H. and Britton, L.E. (1971) The algae of Illinois. New York, USA: Hansfer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Tregouboff, G. and Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de planctonologie Méditerranéenne: texte et illustrationes. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Turkoglu, M. and Koray, T. (2000) Ecological and geographical distributions of the planktonic protista in the southern part of the Black sea (neritic waters of Sinop peninsula, Turkey). EU Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 17, 161–178.Google Scholar
Turkoglu, M. and Koray, T. (2002) Species succession and diversity of phytoplankton in the neritic waters of southern Black Sea (the Bay of Sinop, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany 26, 235–252.Google Scholar
Turkoglu, M. and Koray, T. (2004) Algal blooms in surface waters of the Sinop Bay in the Black Sea, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7, 1577–1585.Google Scholar
Turkoglu, M. (2005) Succession of picoplankton (coccoid cyanobacteria) in the southern Black Sea (Sinop Bay, Turkey). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8, 1318–1326.Google Scholar
Turkoglu, M. (2008) Synchronous blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay & Mohler and three dinoflagellates in the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits System). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, 433–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turkoglu, M. (2010) Winter bloom and ecological behaviors of coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay & Mohler, 1967 in the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits System). Hydrology Research 41, 104–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turkoglu, M. and Erdogan, Y. (2010) Diurnal variations of summer phytoplankton and interactions with some physicochemical characteristics under eutrophication in the Dardanelles. Turkish Journal of Biology 34, 211–225.Google Scholar
Turkoglu, M. and Oner, C. (2010) Short time variations of winter phytoplankton, nutrient and chlorophyll a of Kepez Harbor in the Dardanelles (Çanakkale Strait, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 10, 537–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venrick, E.L. (1978) How many cells to count? In Sournia, A. (ed.) Phytoplankton manual. Paris: Unesco, pp. 167–180.Google Scholar
Vinyard, W.C. (1974) Key to the genera of diatoms of the inland waters of temperate North America. Eureka, CA: Mad River Press.Google Scholar
Vollenweider, A. (1974) Manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Yunev, O.A., Moncheva, S. and Carstensen, J. (2005) Long-term variability of vertical chlorophyll a and nitrate profiles in the open Black Sea: eutrophication and climate change. Marine Ecology Progress Series 294, 95–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yurkovskis, A. (2004) Long-term land-based and internal forcing of the nutrient state of the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea). Journal of Marine Systems 50, 181–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaker, N.H., Ghaffari, P. and Jamshidi, S. (2007) Physical study of the southern coastal waters of the Caspian Sea, off Babolsar, Mazandaran in Iran. Journal of Coastal Research 50, 564–569.Google Scholar