² Labat, R., TDP, 128, 1–11; 130, 12–30.Google Scholar

³ Kraus, F. R., AfO, Bhft. 3, 1939, 27 n. 28;Google Scholarvon Soden, W., AHwb, 288;Google ScholarCAD, G, 73.Google Scholar

⁴ CAD, G, 73, quotes: kî tarīti ina giššīa anaššīka, “I carry you on my giššu like a nurse.”Google Scholar

⁵ TDP, 129 n. 229. See also Labat, R., JA, CCXLII, 1954, 213 n.l.Google Scholar

⁶ TDP, 128, 9.Google Scholar

⁷ Thompson, R. C., CT, 23, 11, 38:Google Scholar … iṣ-bat giš-šá kim-ṣa ki-ṣal-la…, “It has seized giššu, shank, and anklebone…”; Kraus, , Texte, 22,1Google Scholar, 23′ it-ta-nak-na-an-šu… “If his giššu have cramps…”; idem, 22, I, 24′:?. it-te-nin-ṣi-la-šu…, “If his giššu are paralysed… ”; TDP, 130, 16/17: [gi-liš imitti/šumēli-šú nap-hat], “If his right/left gilšu is inflamed”; idem, 19/20: š. [gi-liš imitti/šumēli-šú muq-qu-ta-at], “If his right/left gilšu is weakened”; idem, 30–1: š. ultu gilšē(pl.)-šú adi ubānāt(pl.) šēpē²-šú šer'ānē(pl.)-š[u…] ki-is-sat, “If from his gilšu to his toes, his muscles… a disease of muscles.”

⁸ Kraus, , Texte, 38a, rev. 13′: š. pi-in-du-ú ka-la GÌR-šú ultu giš-ši-šú adi SIG₄.GÍR-šś imitti DIR, “If pindû-lesions are covering all his leg from his giššu to the sole of his right foot…”.Google Scholar

⁹ CT, 23, 9, 12: … EN tamannu(nu) ina giš-ši-šú GÌR-šú u ki-ṣal-li-šú tarakkas-ma…, “Recite the spell, bind (it) on his giššu, foot, and ankle…”.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Synovial bursae are interposed between muscle surfaces which glide upon each other. These small sacs are normally closed and secrete a minute quantity of viscid fluid for lubrication purposes.

¹¹ Handcock, P. S. P., CT, 27, 18, 9; CT, 28, 1, 6Google Scholar: š. Sal Ú.TU-ma Kimin-ma pi-in-di-e ma-li…, “If a woman gives birth and ditto (i.e. the head of the newborn) is full of pindû…” (associated texts have other skin lesions of bubu'tu, ibqu, šikṣu, and ṣinnitu); AMT, 22, 1, 17: š. ditto pi-in-du-[ú.]… “If ditto (i.e. at the entrance of the penis) is a pindû-lesion…”;Google ScholarKraus, , Texte, 38a, obv. 1: š. pi-in-du-ú ina qaqqad amëli šakin…, “If there is a pindû-lesion on a man's head…”;Google ScholarCT, 28, 29, 16:Google Scholarš. (ina pa-ni-šú) imitti pi-in-du-ú…, “If on the right side of his face is a pindû-lesion…”; Kraus, , Texte, 38a, rev.15′: š. pi-in-du-ú ṣa-ar-pu-ti ka-la pag-ri-š[ú] SA₅.MEš ma-lu-u, “If pindû-lesions have a burning sensation, all of his body is full of red (painful) lesions”Google Scholar; idem, 38a, rev. 13′, see n. 8 above.

¹² AMT, 84, 4,Google Scholar III, 9: šumma(ma) ina zumur amēli pi-in-du-ú peṣû…, “If a man (has) a white pindû -lesion on the body …”.

¹³ Holma, H., Ann. Acad. Scient. Fenn., Ser. B. VII, 2, 1911, 16–17.Google ScholarRegöly-Mérei, G., Sudhoffs Arch., L, 1966, 411–17.Google Scholar Note also Langdon, S., UP, XII, No. 1, 17–18, who suggested that the pindû was fiery red in colour.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Willis, R. A., Pathology of tumours, 2nd ed., London, 1953, 700, 702, 704, 709.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Seen. 12 above.

¹⁶ CAD, 28; AHwb, 308;Google ScholarLabat, , TDP, 23 n. 39.Google Scholar

¹⁷ TDP, 22, 46:Google Scholarš. qaqqad-su umma … “If his head is very feverish…”; idem, 230, 115: š. lā'û pa-gar-šú umma la … qaqqad-su umma iši…, “If the baby, its body does not have a very high fever, its head feels hot…”; idem, 180, 31: š…libba-šú NE ú-kal NE la …, “If his belly is feverish (but) the fever is not very high…”; idem, 22, 48–9: š. qaqqad-su umma … qātā²-šú u šēpā²-šú emma(ma)…, “If his head is feverish … his hands and feet are hot…”. Cf. also TDP, 24, 51, 52.Google Scholar

¹⁸ TDP, 34, 22:Google Scholarš. nakkapta-šú imitti kaṣât(át) šú šumēli emmet(e-et)…, “If his right temple area is cold (and) his left one is warm…”; idem, 34, 20: š. nakkapta-šú rēš libbi-šú kunuk kišādi-šú ṣubbut-su umma la u zu'ta la irašši, “If his temple, epigastrium, (and) seventh cervical vertebra are seized, fever is not high and he is not sweating…”; idem, 24, 49: …qātā²-šú u šēpā²-šú emmā(ma) u zu'tu kaṣītu imtanaqut-su…, “His hands and feet are hot and a cold sweat attacks him…”; idem, 218, 10: š. lā'û qaqqad-su umma ú-kal pa-gar-šú umma la la i-ši…, “If the baby's head is hot (but) the body is not too feverish (and it is not sweating)…”.

¹⁹ TDP 24, 50: š. qaqqad-su umma …imim(im) u ikaṣṣa…, “If his head feels quite feverish … he is hot and cold…”;Google Scholaridem, 34, 17: š. nakkapta-šú ṣabtat-su-ma imim ikaṣṣa…, “If his temple area is seized and he is hot and cold…”; idem, 28, 82: š. ina qaqqadi-šú MIR.ŠEŠ imtanaqut-su…, “If he is smitten on his head and chills repeatedly attack him…”.

²⁰ TDP 224, 51:Google Scholarš. lā'û um-ma li-'-ba ú-kal u ik-ta-na-aṣ-ṣa…, “If the baby suffers from ummu and li'bu fevers, and (yet) feels constantly cold …”. Note also observations of ummu la , emma, and kaṣâ in TDP, 38, 52–3, 56, 59–64.Google Scholar See also TDP, 228, 100, 101.Google Scholar

²¹ TDP, 156, 4–7, 8–9; 164, 65–6, 77; 218, 6–7, 10–12.Google Scholar

²² TDP, 22, 46, 48.Google Scholarš. qaqqad-su umma UD-l-KÁM ezzib-šum-ma UD-2-KÁM ukabbat-su…, “If his head is feverish, and fever leaves him one day and attacks him again on the second day…”.

²³ Landsberger, B., Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien, Leipzig, 1934, 24, 316–17:Google Scholar NIM.MUD/TUR = áš-tu-ri; Herodotus, , 2, 95.Google Scholar Gnats infested the Egyptians. Malaria was probably endemic in Asia Minor and Greece: Hippocrates, , Epid., I, 6, 1–26;Google ScholarEpid., I, Case 1, III, VIII;Google ScholarAngel, J. L., Science, 153, 1966, 760–3;CrossRefGoogle ScholarAn. St., XXI, 1971, 77–98.Google Scholar Both Alexander the Great and Hephaestion may have died from primary malaria: Arrian, , Anab., VII, 25, 1–26, 3;Google Scholar Justin, 12,12,11; 12,15,12; Destaing, P., Presse Méd., LXXXVIII, 1970, 2391–3.Google Scholar

²⁴ Angel, ibid.

²⁵ See nn. 18–21 above. Malarial attacks commonly occur between midnight and mid day, instead of in the evening, as frequently found in other intermittent fevers. See TDP, 164, 75–6; 166, 78, 80; and possibly 166, 90, 91, 95–9.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ebbell, B., The Papyrus Ebers, London, 1937:Google Scholar Ebers XLI. For probable cases of chronic malaria in Coptic burials see Ruffer, M. A., J. Path. Bact., XVIII, 1913, 149–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Splenic infarction is a common complication in chronic malaria: YOS, 10, 41,Google Scholar rev. 59: š. ṭulīmum ziqti sāmūtim mali…, “If the spleen is full of red lesions…”.

²⁷ CAD, , 28–9; AHwb, 308.Google Scholar

²⁸ AMT, 25, 4, 10:Google Scholar … u A ina irti-šú GUB.MEŠ-su irtanaṣṣi(pl), “And water goes in his chest (and) there is a cough”; ibid, 51, 2, 4: DIB.MEŠ-su …,“A cough seizes him…”.

²⁹ AHwb, 1052–3.Google ScholarAMT, 81, 8, 15:Google Scholarš. NA su-a-lam u ki-ṣir-tu…, “If a man has a cough (and) and obstruction…”.

³⁰ CT, 14, 19,Google Scholar I, 3: Ú TÁL. TÁL “fennell”; Köcher, F., BAM, 1, II, 42:Google Scholar ú gānu, unidentified drug; idem, 43: root of šūšu “liquorice”; idem, 44, root of ŠE.NÁ.A “Vitex”; idem, 45: Ú lišān kalbi “Cynoglossum officinale”.

³¹ AMT, 25, 4, 10; see n. 28 above.Google Scholar

³² CAD, 34; AHwb, 309.Google ScholarTDP, 184, rev. 21: “His lungs wheeze.”Google Scholar

³³ Possibly in broken text TDP, 184, rev. 21–2.Google Scholar

³⁴ CAD, 126; AHwb, 330.Google Scholar

³⁵ Lambert, W. G., 79–7–8, 168, 11: [pehj]û …, “My ears are clogged…” (quoted CAD, 126).Google Scholar

³⁶ CAD, 192; AHwb, 346.Google Scholar

³⁷ D 54.

³⁸ CT, 17, 42,Google Scholar II, 16: …ina ap-pi-šú uṣ-ṣú-ru…, “In its nose are imprinted …”; Assur text V, 35: ina KA-šú GAR(in), “He has in his mouth”. noted on neck of horse“(quoted CAD, 192). CT, 27, 21, 11, 12:Google Scholar BE U₈; Ú.TU-ma IGI.MEŠ-šú IGI.MES-šú pe-ta-a…, “If a ewe gives birth to a lion and its face is covered with but its eyes are open…”.

³⁹ Willis, op. cit., n. 14, see pp. 96, 835, 837–9.

⁴⁰ CAD, 195; AHwb, 347.Google Scholar

⁴¹ See AMT, 59, 1, 33–8;Google Scholar 60, 1, II, 1–15; 89, 4, obv. 4–7.

⁴² BAM, 1, II–III, 21: U KAŠ NAG ina Ì.GIŠ EŠ (ina) MUD ana UŠ-šú SAR, “Plant for stricture of the ‘bladder’: he drinks it in beer; anoint him with oil; you blow it into his penis with a tube(?).”Google Scholar

⁴³ AMT, 22, 2, 7:Google Scholar [L]u mariṣ lu KU mariṣ lu BÚN, “He is ill with stricture, either of anus or bladder”; idem, 40, 5, 16: NA.BI šuburri GIG.GIG…, “That man is continually ill with stricture of the anus…”; idem, 59,1,16: f. š NA BUN mariṣ…, “If a man is ill from stricture of the bladder…”.

⁴⁴ AHwb, 349.Google ScholarAMT, 56, 1, 3:Google Scholar NA.BI KU mariṣ…, “That man is ill from stricture/swelling of the anus…”. But note CT, 20, 40,Google Scholar I–II, 25: DIŠ ul-lu-uṣ lib-bi, “Inflation: joy of heart”.

⁴⁵ Only in. AMT, 53, 8, 4Google Scholar and 56, 1, 3, both texts being incomplete.

⁴⁶ AMT, 40, 5, 16:Google Scholar KU; idem, 22, 2, 7: KU.

⁴⁷ Ebeling, E., KAR, 73,Google Scholar obv. 2: [lu-u mu]-ṣu lu-u …; see also idem, obv. 18–19. But note Wilson, J. V. K. in Brothwell, D. and Sandison, A. T. (eds.), Diseases in antiquity, Springfield, Illinois, 1967, 196.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ KAR, 26, 42: immeri, “sheep stricture”.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ CAD, 244; AHwb, 357.Google ScholarScheil, V., RA, XIV, 1917, 130 n. 13.Google Scholar Cf. Labat, , TDP, 151 n. 260.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ TDP, 150, 43′:Google Scholar š. UD-5-KÁM UD-10-KÁM mariṣ-ma uš-tar-di-ma ka-a-a-man-šú imāt, “If he is ill for five days or ten days, and the is constantly present, he will die”; Scheil, , HE 110, obv. 18:Google Scholarš. UD-2-KÁM iṣṣabat-su ina UD-3-KÁM imât, “If the huqu-symptom seizes him on the second day, on the third day he will die.”

⁵¹ TDP, 24, 52–4;Google Scholar see 54: na-pi-is-su ina appi-šú ṣabit-ma ina pī-šú napša uš-ti-ṣi mu-tim ana napišti-šú ú-šú-la-a…, “His breath is seized in his nose, and he has to breath through the mouth, death encroaches upon his life (breath)…”. Note also TDP, 84, 32: š. napišta-šú u-šal-li la iballuṭ, “If it encroaches on his life (breath), he will not live.”Google Scholar