Hostname: page-component-76c49bb84f-h2dfl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-03T11:28:47.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dizque, evidentiality, and stance in Valley Spanish

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2009

ANNA M. BABEL
ANNA M. BABEL*
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan, 440 Lorch Hall, 611 Tappan St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, ambabel@umich.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

While information sources have largely been treated as transparent categories in the literature on evidentiality, understandings of information source can be culturally and situationally variable. This article proposes that the strictly linguistic information encoded in reportative evidentials cannot be cleanly separated from social influences. Defining an information source, especially when referring to information reported by another person, serves social purposes, such as casting doubt, framing gossip, distancing oneself, or indicating empathy. Using the concept of speaker stance, this study explores the relationship of information source to the interpersonal relationships and interactions that are encoded in this linguistic form. Data from a contact variety of Spanish spoken in central Bolivia provide evidence that diz(que), a Spanish word, has undergone influence from Quechua to become a systematic reportative evidential marker in this variety of Bolivian Spanish. Speakers use information source marking in order to shade subtleties of relationships and authority. (Evidentiality, speaker stance, Andean Spanish, Bolivian Spanish, language contact, linguistic anthropology)*

Information

Type
Research Articles
Information
Language in Society , Volume 38 , Issue 4 , September 2009 , pp. 487 - 511
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adelaar, Willem, & Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basso, Ellen B. (2008). Epistemic deixis in Kalapalo. Pragmatics 18:215–52.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas, & Finegan, Edward (1989). Styles of stance in English: Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect. Text 9:93–124.Google Scholar
Brown, Roger, & Gilman, Albert (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Sebeok, T. (ed.), Style in language, 253–76. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chafe, Wallace (1986). Evidentiality in English conversation and academic writing. In Chafe, W. & Nichols, J. (eds.), Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology, 261–72. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Clift, Rebecca (2006). Indexing stance: Reported speech as an interactional evidential. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10:569–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Company Company, Concepción (2006). Subjectification of verbs into discourse markers: Semantic-pragmatic change only? Belgian Journal of Linguistics 20:97–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curnow, Timothy J. (2003). Nonvolitionality expressed through evidentials. Studies in Language 27:39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cusihuaman, Antonio (1976). Gramática Quechua: Cuzco-Callao. Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Educacion.Google Scholar
De Granda, Germán (1997). Replantamiento de un tema controvertido: Genesis y retencion del doble posesivo en el español andino. Revista de Filologia Española 77(1–2):141–47.Google Scholar
De Granda, Germán (2001). Estudios de linguística andina. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Fondo Editorial.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de la Cadena, Marisol (2000). Indigenous mestizos. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Dedenbach-Salazar Saenz, Sabine (1997). Point of view and evidentiality in the Huarochiri texts (Peru, 17th century). In Howard-Malverde, R. (ed.), Creating context in Andean cultures, 149–70. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dendale, Patrick, & Tasmowski, Liliane (2001). Introduction: Evidentiality and related notions. Journal of Pragmatics 33:339–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Bois, John W. (2007). The stance triangle. In Englebretson, R. (ed.), Stancetaking in discourse, 139–82. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberenz, R. (2004). Dizque: Antecedentes medievales de un arcaísmo afortunado. Lexis 28:139–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epps, Patience (2005). Areal diffusion and the development of evidentiality: Evidence from Hup. Studies in Language 29:617–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobar, Anna María (1994). Andean Spanish and bilingual Spanish: Linguistic characteristics. In Cole, P., Hermon, G. & Martin, D. (eds.), Language in the Andes, 51–71. Newark, Delaware: Center for Latin American Studies, University of Delaware.Google Scholar
Escobar, Anna María (1997). Contrastive and innovative uses of the present perfect and the preterite in Spanish in contact with Quechua. Hispania 80:859–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobar, Anna María (2000). Contacto social y linguístico: El español en contacto con el Quechua en el Perú. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Google Scholar
Faller, Martina (2002). The evidential and validational licensing conditions for the Cusco Quechua enclitic –mi. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 16:7–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faller, Martina (2004). The deictic core of ‘non-experienced past’ in Cuzco Quechua. Journal of Semantics 21:45–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feke, Marilyn (2004). Quechua to Spanish cross-linguistic influence among Cuzco Quechua-Spanish bilinguals: The case of epistemology. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Floyd, Rick (1999). The structure of evidential categories in Wanka Quechua. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Floyd, Simeon (2005). The poetics of evidentiality in South American storytelling. Proceedings from the Eighth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages. Santa Barbara, CA.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. (2003). Evidentiality in the Balkans with special attention to Macedonian and Albanian. In Aikhenvald, A. & Dixon, R.M.W. (eds.), Studies in evidentiality, 189–218. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Erving (1979). Footing. Semiotica 25:1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Erving (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelpia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hardman, Martha J. (1986). Data-source marking in the Jaqi languages. In Chafe, W. & Nichols, J. (eds.), Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology, 113–36. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Hassler, Gerda (2002). Evidentiality and reported speech in Romance languages. In Guldemann, T. & Roncador, M.v. (eds.), Reported discourse: A meeting ground for different linguistic domains, 143–72. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Jane H., & Irvine, Judith T. (1993). Responsibility and evidence in oral discourse. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hornberger, Nancy, & Coronel-Molina, Serafin (2004). Quechua language shift, maintenance, and revitalization in the Andes. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 167:9–67.Google Scholar
Howard-Malverde, Rosaleen (1995). Pachamama is a Spanish word: Linguistic tension between Aymara, Quechua, and Spanish in northern Potosi (Bolivia). Anthropological Linguistics 37:141–68.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Chia-Ling (2008). Evidentiality in Chinese newspaper reports: Subjectivity/objectivity as a factor. Discourse Studies 10:205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, Judith T. (1996). Shadow conversations: The indeterminacy of participant roles. In Silverstein, M. & Urban, G. (eds.), Natural histories of discourse, 131–59. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kany, Charles E. (1944). Impersonal dizque and its variants in American Spanish. Hispanic Review 12:168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kärkkäinen, Elise (2003). Epistemic stance in English conversation. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kärkkäinen, Elise (2007). The role of I guess in conversational stancetaking. In Englebretson, R. (ed.), Stancetaking in discourse, 183–220. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klee, Carol A. (1996). The Spanish of the peruvian Andes: The influence of Quechua on Spanish language structure. In Roca, A. & Benson, J.B. (eds.), Spanish in contact, 73–91. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
Lazard, Gilbert (2001). On the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics 33:359–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lempert, Michael (2008). The poetics of stance: Text-metricality, epistemicity, interaction. Language in Society 37:569–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannheim, Bruce (1991). The language of the Inka since the European invasion. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Mushin, Ilana (2000). Evidentiality and deixis in narrative retelling. Journal of Pragmatics 32:927–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mushin, Ilana (2001). Evidentiality and epistemological stance: Narrative retelling. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muysken, Pieter (2004). Quechua and Spanish, evidentiality and aspect: Commentary on Liliana Sánchez. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7:163–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuckolls, Janis B. (1993). The semantics of certainty in Quechua and its implications for a cultural epistemology. Language in Society 22:235–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puma, Rosalía. Personal communication, November 2007.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Liliana (2004). Functional convergence in the tense, evidentiality and aspectual systems of Quechua-Spanish bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7:147–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez, Liliana (2006). Kechwa and Spanish bilingual grammars: Testing hypotheses on functional interference and convergence. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 9:535–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwenter, Scott (1999). Evidentiality in Spanish morphosyntax: A reanalysis of “(de)queismo”. In Serrano, M.J. (ed.), Estudios de variacion sintáctica, 65–68. Madrid: Vervuert.Google Scholar
Squartini, Mario (2001). The internal structure of evidentiality in Romance. Studies in Language 25:297–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. (2001). Language contact: An introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Travis, Catherine E. (2006). Dizque: a Colombian evidentiality strategy. Linguistics 44:1269–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderveken, Daniel (1990) Meaning and speech acts: Principles of language use (vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, David J. (1986). Information perspective, profile, and patterns in Quechua. In Chafe, W. & Nichols, J. (eds.), Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology, 137–55. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Willett, Thomas L. (1987). A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticization of evidentiality. Buffalo Working Papers in Linguistics 87:123–79.Google Scholar