Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:37:41.597Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The functions of rhetorical structure: A study of Central Alaskan Yupik Eskimo discourse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

Anthony C. Woodbury
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, University of texas at Austin

Abstract

Discourse structure in Central Alaskan Yupik Eskimo (CAY) narrative and conversation is examined, and a general notion of rhetorical structure is proposed, growing out of recent work in the poetics of Native American oral literature. Rhetorical structure in a given language would consist of prosodically and intonationally signaled phonological phrasing along with whatever other significant formal features consistently pattern or interact with it (minimally surface syntactic constituency, typically also the system of sentence adverbs and conjunctions, further intonational features, and patterns of parallelism and repetition). Findings for CAY as well as other works in the literature indicate at least four important communicative functions for rhetorical structure in addition to its role in verbal art: organization of information, expression of affective meaning, indexing of genre, and regulation of dialogic interaction. (Discourse, syntax–phonology–discourse interaction, ethnopoetics; Native America, Alaska, Yupik Eskimo)

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Beaugrande, R. de, & Dressler, W. (1981). Introduction to text linguistics. London: Longman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benveniste, E. (1966). La nature des pronoms. In Problèmes de linguistique générale. Paris: Gallimard. 251–57.Google Scholar
Bolinger, D. (1978). Intonation across languages. In Greenberg, J. et al. (eds.), Universals of human languages, 2 (phonology). Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. 471524.Google Scholar
Bright, W. (1979). A Karok myth in ‘measured verse’: The translation of a performance. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1: 117–23.Google Scholar
Bright, W. (1980). Coyote's journey. American indian Culture and Research Journal 4 (1–2):2148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bright, W. (1982). Literature: Written and oral. In Tannen, D. (ed.), Analyzing discourse: Text and talk. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1981. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 271–83.Google Scholar
Burke, K. (1931). The psychology of form. Counterstatement. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Chafe, W. L. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In Li, C. N. (ed,), Subject and topic. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Chafe, W. L. (1980). The deployment of consciousness in the production of a narrative. In Chafe, W. L. (ed.), The pear stories: Cognitive, cultural and linguistic aspects of narrative production. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1977). Sociocultural knowledge in conversational inference. In Saville-Troike, M. (ed.), Linguistics and anthropology. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1977. 191212. (Reprinted in Gumperz [1982a].)Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1982a). Discourse strategies. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1982b). Interethnic communication. In Gumperz (1982a). 172–86.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1967). Intonation and grammar in British English. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1984). A short introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hinton, L. (1978). Coyote baptizes the chickens (La Huerta Diegueno). In Bright, W. (ed), Coyote stories. (IJAL-NATS Monograph). I Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations in sociolinguistics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1976). Louis Simpson's ‘The deserted boy’. Poetics 5(2):119–55. (Reprinted in Hymes [1981].)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymes, D. (1977). Discovering oral performance and measured verse in American Indian narrative. New Literary History 8: 431–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymes, D. (1980a). Verse analysis of a Wasco text: Hiram Smith's ‘At'unaqa’. International Journal of American Linguistics 46:65–77. (Reprinted in Hymes [1981].)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymes, D. (1980b). Tonkawa poetics: John Rush Buffalo's Coyote and eagle's daughter. In Maquet, J. (ed.), On linguistic anthropology: Essays in honor of Harry Hoijer. Malibu: Undena. 3388.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1980c). Particle, pause, and pattern in American Indian narrative verse. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 4(4):751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymes, D. (1981). ‘In vain I tried to tell you': Essays in Native American ethnopoetics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymes, V. (forthcoming). Warm Springs Sahaptin narrative analysis. In Sherzer, J. & Wood-bury, A. C. (eds.), Native American discourse: Poetics and rhetoric.Google Scholar
Jacobson, S. (1984). Central Yup'ik Eskimo dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.Google Scholar
Jacobson, S. (1985b). Stress systems in Central Alaskan Yupik. In Krauss (1985).Google Scholar
Jakobson, S. (1960). Concluding statement: Linguistics and poetics. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed), Style in language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 350–77.Google Scholar
Krauss, M. (ed.) (1985). Papers on Yupik Eskimo prosodic systems. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.Google Scholar
Kroeber, K. (ed). (1981). Traditional American Indian literatures: Texts and interpretations. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Labov, W., & Fanshel, D. (1977). Therapeutic discourse. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Ladd, D. R. (1980). The structure of intonational meaning. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Leer, J. (1985). Metrical reanalysis of Yupik prosodic systems. In Krauss (1985).Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, M. Y. (1978). The intonational system of English. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar
Mather, E., Morrow, P. et al. (19801982). [Transcripts and translations of taped Central Alaskan Yupik narratives.] Ms. Bethel, AK: Yup'ik Language Center.Google Scholar
Matisoff, J. A. (1973). The grammar of Lahu. (University of California Publications in Linguistics 75.) Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Maud, R. (1982). A guide to B. C. Indian myth and legend. A short history of myth-collecting and a survey of published texts. Vancouver, B. C.: Talon Books.Google Scholar
McLendon, S. (1982). Meaning, rhetorical structure, and discourse organization in myth. In Tannen, D. (ed), Analyzing discourse: Text and talk. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1981. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 284305.Google Scholar
Miyaoka, O. (1975). Sketch of Yupik, an Eskimo language. Ms. To appear in Goddard, I. (ed), Languages (Handbook of American Indians 17.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Miyaoka, O. (1985). Accentuation in Central Yupik (Eskimo). In Krauss (1985).Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1980). The phonology and phonetics of English intonation. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Ramsey, J. (1983). Reading the fire. Essays in the traditional Indian literature of the Far West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Reed, I., Miyaoka, O., Jacobson, S., Afcan, P., & Krauss, M. (1977). Yup'ik Eskimo grammar. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.Google Scholar
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language 50(4):696735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scollon, R. (1979). The role of audience in the structure of Athabaskan oral performances. Paper presented at the 43rd International Congress of Americanists, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. B. K. (1979). Linguistic convergence: An ethnography of speaking at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Seiler, H. (1970). Cahuilla texts, with an introduction. (Language Science Monographs 6.) Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Selkirk, E. O. (1980). On prosodic structure and its relation to syntactic structure. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar
Sherzer, J. (1980). Tellings, retellings, and tellings within tellings: The structure and organization of narrative in Cuna Indian discourse. Paper presented at the conference on “Oralita: Cultura, letteratura, discorso.” Centro Internatzionale di Semiotica e Linguistica. Urbino, Italy.Google Scholar
Sherzer, J. (1982). Poetic structuring of Kuna discourse: The line. Language in Society 11:371–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M. (1982).Case-marking and the nature of language. Australian Journal of Linguistics. 1: 227–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M. (1984). On the pragmatic ‘poetry’ of prose: Parallelism, repetition, and cohesive structure in the time course of dyadic conversation. Presented at the Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Swann, B. (1983). Smoothing the ground: Essays on Native American oral literature. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tannen, D. (ed.) (1984). Coherence in spoken and written discourse. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.Google Scholar
Tedlock, D. (1971). On the translation of style in oral narrative. Journal of American Folklore 84:114–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, D. (1972). Finding the center: Narrative poetry of the Zuni Indians. New York: Dial.Google Scholar
Tedlock, D. (1977). Toward an oral poetics. New Literary History 8:507–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, D. (1979). Beyond logocentrism: Trace and voice among the Quiché Maya. Boundary 2 (8):321–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, D. (1983a). The spoken word and the work of interpretation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, D. (1983b). Phonography and the problem of time in oral narrative events. In Tedlock (1983a). 194215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, D. (1983c). On the translation of style in oral narrative. In Tedlock (1983a). 3161. (Revision of Tedlock [1971].)Google Scholar
Woodbury, A. C. (1981). Study of the Chevak dialect of Central Yup'ik Eskimo. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Woodbury, A. C. (1983). Switch reference, syntactic organization, and rhetorical structure in Central Yup'ik Eskimo. In Haiman, J. & Munro, P. (eds.), Switch reference and universal grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 291315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodbury, A. C. (1984a). Cev'armiut qanemciit qulirait-llu: Narratives and tales from Chevak, Alaska. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.Google Scholar
Woodbury, A. C. (1984b). Symbolic metrical processes in Central Alaskan Yupik Eskimo. Ms.Google Scholar
Woodbury, A. C., & de, Reuse W. (in prep) Narrative and conversation in a Central Alaskan Yupik Eskimo qaygiq (men's house).Google Scholar