Directory of Language Planning Organisations (1979). Ed. Rubin, J.. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar

Guide to Information Resources in Language Planning (1979). Eds. Reese, T. & Pool, J., Language Planning Newsletter, 5, 2.Google Scholar

References for Students of Language Planning (1979). Eds. Rubin, J. & Jernudd, B.. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar

International Journal of the Sociology of Language (IJSL). General editor, Fishman, J.. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Language Planning Newsletter. Ed. Rubin, J., Hawaii: East–West Culture Learning Institute, Honolulu.Google Scholar

Language Problems and Language Planning (LPLP). Ed. Wood, R.. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

ALSED Newsletter. Paris: UNESCO, Division of Structures, Content, Methods and Techniques of Education.Google Scholar

Discussion Papers in Geolinguistics. Ed. Williams, C.. Department of Geography and Sociology, North Staffs. Polytechnic, Stafford, U.K.Google Scholar

English Around the World. Ed. McCulloch, J. B.. New York.Google Scholar

English World-Wide (EWW). Ed. Görlach, M.. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ITL: A Review of Applied Linguistics. University of Louvain, Belgium.Google Scholar

Journal of Intercultural Studies. Eds. Clyne, M. & McKay, J.. Carleton, Australia: River Seine Publications.Google Scholar

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (JMMD). Ed. Sharp, D.. Wales: Department of Education, University College, Swansea.Google Scholar

Language in Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Language and Development. Ed. Kachru, B.. Illinois: Division of Applied Linguistics, University of Illinois.Google Scholar

Linguistic Reporter. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Polyglot. Language Centre, Birkbeck College, University of London.Google Scholar

Contributions to the Sociology of Language (1974–?). The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Current Trends in Linguistics (1970–1976). Ed. Sebeok, T.. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (GURT) (1967–?). Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Bright, W. (ed.) (1966). Sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Cobarrubias, J. & Fishman, J. A. (eds.) (forthcoming). Progress in language planning. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dil, A. S. (ed.) (1972). Language in sociolinguistic change: essays by J. A. Fishman. Stanford: University Press.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1968). Readings in the sociology of language. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (ed.)(1971/1972). Advances in the sociology of language. Vols. 1 and 2. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1974). Advances in language planning. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1977). Advances in the creation and revision of writing systems. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (ed.) (1978). Advances in the study of societal multilingualism. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A., Cooper, R. & Conrad, A. (eds.) (1977). The spread of English. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A., Ferguson, C. & Das, Gupta J. (eds.) (1968). Language problems of developing nations. New York: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Mackey, W. F. & Ornstein, J. (eds.) (1979). Sociolinguistic studies in language contact. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ohannessian, S., Ferguson, C. & Polomé, E. (eds.) (1975). Language surveys in developing nations. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Rubin, J. & Jernudd, B. H. (eds.) (1971). Can language be planned? Honolulu: University of Hawaii, East–West Center.Google Scholar

Rubin, J., Jernudd, B. H., Das, Gupta J., Fishman, J. A. & Ferguson, C. (eds.) (1977). Language planning processes. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, J. & Shuy, R. (eds.) (1973). Language planning: current issues and research. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Whiteley, W. H. (ed.) (1971). Language use and social change. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Adekunle, M. (1972). Sociolinguistic problems in English language instruction in Nigeria. In Smith, D. M. & Shuy, R. W., (eds.), Sociolinguistics in cross-cultural analysis (Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press), 83–101.Google Scholar

Afendras, E. A. & Kuo, E. (eds.) (1980). Language and society in Singapore. Singapore: University Press.Google Scholar

Alatis, J. E. (ed.) (1978). International dimensions of bilingual education. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Alatis, J. E. (ed.)(1980). Current issues in bilingual education. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Alatis, J. E. & Tucker, G. R. (eds.) (1979). Language and public life. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Angogo, R. & Hancock, I. (1980). English in Africa: emerging standards or diverging regionalisms? EWW, 1, 1, 67–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Annamalai, E. & Rubin, J. (1980). Planning for language code and language use: some considerations in policy-formation and implementation. Language Planning Newsletter, 6, 3, 1–4.Google Scholar

Asmah, H. O. (1979). Language planning for unity and efficiency. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.Google Scholar

Bachman, L. & Strick, A. (1981). An analytic approach to language program design. In Mackay, R. & Palmer, J. (eds.), Languages for specific purposes (Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House), 45–63.Google Scholar

Bailey, R. W. & Robinson, J. L. (1973). Varieties of present day English. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, A. (ed.) (1976). Mother tongue education – the West African experience. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Basso, K. (1974). The ethnography of writing. In Baumann, R. & Sherzer, J. (eds.), Explorations in the ethnography of speaking (Cambridge University Press), 432–52.Google Scholar

Beardsmore, H. B. (1982). Bilingualism: basic principles. Clevedon, Avon: Tieto Ltd.Google Scholar

Bell, R. T. (1976). Sociolinguistics. London: Batsford.Google Scholar

Bell, R. T. (ed.) (1978). The European Community: a language planning simulation. Singapore: Civil Service Institute.Google Scholar

Bell, R. T. (1981). An introduction to applied linguistics. London: Batsford.Google Scholar

Bennis, W., Benne, K. & Chin, R. (eds.) (1970). The planning of change. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar

Berman, P. (1978). The study of macro- and micro-implementation of social policy. Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation.Google Scholar

Bickerton, D. (1975). Can English and Pidgin be kept apart? In Tok Pisin I Go We, special publication no. 1 of Kivung –Journal of Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea, 21–27.Google Scholar

Bowen, J. D., Cooper, R. L. & Ferguson, C. (1976). Language in Ethiopia. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brann, C. M. B. (1979). Multilingualism in Nigerian education. In Mackey, & Ornstein, (eds.), 379–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brann, C. M. B. (1981). Trilingualism in language – planning for education in sub-saharan Africa. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Chai, H. C. (1971). Planning education for a plural society. Paris: UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning.Google Scholar

Christie, P. (1980). The language situation in Jamaica. Polyglot, 2, 2, A3–B3.Google Scholar

Clyne, M. (ed.) (1976). Australia talks: essays on the sociology of Australian, immigrant, and aboriginal languages. Canberra Pacific Linguistics. Series D, No. 23.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. (1979). Language planning, language spread and language change. In Alatis, & Tucker, (eds.), 23–50.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. (1980). Sociolinguistic surveys: the state of the art. Applied Linguistics, 1, 2, 113–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooper, R. L. (1981). Language spread as a perspective for the study of second-language acquisition. In Andersen, R. W. (ed), New dimensions in second language acquisition research (Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House), 130–45.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. (forthcoming). A framework for the study of language spread. In Cooper, R. L. (ed.) (forthcoming).Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. (ed.) (forthcoming). Language spread: studies in diffusion and social change. Arlington, Va.: Centre for Applied Linguistics and Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. L. & Danet, B. (1980). Language in the melting pot: the sociolinguistic context for language planning in Israel. LPLP, 4, 1, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crewe, W. (ed.) (1977). The English language in Singapore. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar

Das, Gupta J. (1970). Language conflict and national development: group politics and national language policy in India. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Das, Gupta J. & Ferguson, C. A. (1977). Problems of language planning. In Rubin, J. et al. (eds.), 3–7.Google Scholar

De, Silva M. (1976). Diglossia and literacy. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar

Dil, A. S. (ed.) (1981). Language diversity and language contact: essays by S. Lieberson. Stanford, California: University Press.Google Scholar

Eastman, C. M. (1981). Language planning, identity planning and world view. IJSL, 32, 45–53.Google Scholar

Edwards, J. R. (1981). The Context of bilingual education. JMMD, 2, 1, 25–44.Google Scholar

ELT Documents, 102 (1978). English as an international language. London: British Council.Google Scholar

ELT Documents, 108 (1980). National syllabuses. London: British Council.Google Scholar

ELT Documents, 109 (1980). Study modes and academic development of overseas students. London: British Council.Google Scholar

ELT Documents, 115 (1982/1983 forthcoming). ELT in Africa. London: British Council.Google Scholar

Engle, P. L. (1975). The use of vernacular languages in education. Papers in Applied Linguistics. Bilingual Education Series no. 3. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. (1959). Diglossia. Word, 15, 325–40. Reprinted in Giglioli, (ed.) (1972), 232–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. (1966). National sociolinguistic profile formulas. In Bright, (ed), 309–24.Google Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. (1966). Sociolinguistically oriented language surveys. Linguistic Reporter, 8, 4, 2–6.Google Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. (1968). Language development. In Fishman, et al. (eds.), 27–36.Google Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. (1971). Contrasting patterns and literacy acquisition in a multilingual nation. In Whiteley, (ed), Language use and social change (Oxford University Press), 234–52.Google Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. & Heath, S. (eds.) (1981). Language in the USA. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1968). Nationality–nationalism and nation–nationism. In Fishman, et al. (eds.), 39–51.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1971 a). National languages and languages of wider communication in the developing nations. In Whiteley, (ed), 27–56.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1971 b). The relationship between micro and macro sociolinguistics in the study of who speaks what language to whom and when. In Pride, J. & Holmes, J. (eds.) (1972), 15–32.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1971 c). The impact of nationalism on language planning. In Rubin, & Jernudd, (eds.), 3–20.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1972 a). Language and nationalism. two integrative essays. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1972 b). National languages and languages of wider communication in developing nations. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1973). Language modernization and planning in comparison with other types of national modernization and planning. Language in Society, 2, 1, 23–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1977 a). Bilingual education. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1977 b). The sociology of language. In Cole, R. (ed), Current issues in linguistic theory (London: Harvester Press), 51–75.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1980 a). Bilingualism and biculturalism as individual and as societal phenomena. JMMD, 1, 3–15.Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. (1980 b). Bilingual education, language planning, and English. EWW, 1, 1, 11–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, M. J. (1979). U.S. international English language policy. In Alatis, J. & Tucker, G. (eds.), 8–22.Google Scholar

Galton, M. (1980). Curriculum change. Leicester: University Press.Google Scholar

Giglioli, P. (ed.) (1972). Language and social context. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Gold, D. L. (1981). An introduction to English in Israel. LPLP, 5, 1, 11–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gonzalez, A. (1980). Language and nationalism: the Philippine experience thus far. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar

Gopinatham, S. (1980). Language policy in education. In Afendras, & Kuo, (eds.), 175–202.Google Scholar

Gorman, T. (1973). Language allocation and language planning. In Rubin, & Shuy, (eds.), 72–82.Google Scholar

Gorman, T. P. (ed.) (1971). Language in education in Eastern Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Grant, N. (forthcoming 1982/1983). Materials design for Nigerian secondary schools. In ELT Documents, 115.Google Scholar

Harding, J. & Kelly, P. (1977). A study of curriculum diffusion. Journal of the National Association of Inspectors and Educational Advisers, 17, 21–31.Google Scholar

Harries, L. (1976). The nationalisation of Swahili in Kenya. Language in Society, 5, 153–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harrison, W., Prator, C. & Tucker, G. (eds.) (1975). English language policy survey of Jordan. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Haugen, E. (1966 a). Dialect, language, nation. In Pride, & Holmes, (eds.) (1972), 97–111.Google Scholar

Haugen, E. (1966 b). Linguistics and language planning. In Bright, (ed), 50–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haugen, E. (1972). The ecology of language. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Hauptfleisch, T. (1977). Language loyalty in South Africa. Vols. 1–3. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.Google Scholar

Heath, S. B. (1972). Telling tongues: language policy in Mexico – colony to nation. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar

Hudson, R. A. (1980). Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jernudd, B. (1971). Notes on economic analysis and language planning. In Rubin, & Jernudd, (eds.), 263–76.Google Scholar

Jernudd, B. (1973). Language planning as a type of language treatment. In Rubin, & Shuy, (eds.), 11–23.Google Scholar

Jernudd, B. & Das, Gupta J. (1971). Towards a theory of language planning. In Rubin, & Jernudd, (eds.), 195–215.Google Scholar

Jernudd, B. & Shaw, W. (in preparation). World maps of English and other languages of wider communication. Hawaii: East–West Culture Learning Institute, Honolulu.Google Scholar

Judd, E. L. (1981). Language policy, curriculum development, and TESOL instruction – a search for compatability. TESOL 1/4, 15, 1, 59–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kachru, B. (1981). The pragmatics of non-native varieties of English. In Smith, (ed), 15–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaplan, R. (1980). The language situation in Australia. Linguistic Reporter, 22, 5, 2–3.Google Scholar

Kaplan, R. (1981). The language situation in New Zealand. Linguistic Reporter, 23, 9, 1–3.Google Scholar

Kaplan, R. (1982). The language situation in the Philippines. Linguistic Reporter, 24, 5, 1–4.Google Scholar

Katzner, K. (1975). The languages of the world. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.Google Scholar

Kelman, H. C. (1971). Language as an aid and barrier to involvement in the national system. In Rubin, & Jernudd, (eds.), 21–51.Google Scholar

Kelz, H. P. (1981). Sprachplanung auf den Philippinen und die Entwicklung einer Philippinischen Nationalsprache. LPLP, 5, 2, 115–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kerr, A. (1979). Language and the education of immigrants' children in Sweden. Polyglot, 1, 3.Google Scholar

Khan, V. S. (1980). The ‘mother-tongue’ of linguistic minorities in multicultural England. JMMD, 1, 1, 71–88.Google Scholar

Khubchandani, L. M. (1977). Directions for language planning. In Sibayan, B. & Gonzalez, A. (eds.), 35–51.Google Scholar

Khubchandani, L. M. (1979). Language planning processes for pluralistic societies. LPLP, 2, 3, 141–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kloss, H. (1968). Notes concerning a language-nation typology. In Fishman, et al. (eds.), 69–85.Google Scholar

Kloss, H. (1969). Research problems on group bilingualism. Quebec: International Research Center on Bilingualism.Google Scholar

Kloss, H. (1975). The linguistic composition of the nations of the world. Vol. 1. Western, Central and South Asia. Quebec: International Research Center on Bilingualism.Google Scholar

Kloss, H. (1977). Ten types of language planning. In Sibayan, B. & Gonzalez, A. (eds.), 52–9.Google Scholar

Kloss, H. & McConnell, G. D. (eds.) (1978 a). The written languages of the world: a survey of the degree and modes of use. Vol. 1. The Americas. Quebec: Lea Presses de l'Université Laval.Google Scholar

Kloss, H. & McConnell, G. D. (eds.) (1978 b). The linguistic composition of the nations of the world. Vol. 2. North America. Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval.Google Scholar

Kotey, P. F. & Der-Houssikian, H. (eds.) (1977). Language and linguistic problems in Africa. Proceedings of the VII conference on African linguistics. Columbia S.C.: Hornbeam Press.Google Scholar

Ladefoged, P., Glick, R. & Criper, C. (1972). Language in Uganda. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Le, Page R. (1964). The national language question. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lewis, G. E. (1981). Bilingualism and bilingual education. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Lewis, G. E. & Massad, C. (1975). The teaching of English as a foreign language in ten countries. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.Google Scholar

Lieberson, S. (1980). Procedures for improving sociolinguistic surveys of language maintenance and language shift. IJSL, 25, 11–27.Google Scholar

Linguistic Minorities Project reports (1980, 1981, 1982). London: Institute of Education.Google Scholar

Litteral, R. (1975). The use of pidgin in education. In Pride, (ed.) (1979), 152–63.Google Scholar

Mazrui, A. (1975). The political sociology of the English language. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mkanganwi, K. G. (1980). Zimbabwe: sociolinguistically speaking. Issues in development, 15. University of Zimbabwe, Centre for Applied Social Sciences.Google Scholar

Miller, J. R. (1981). The politics of Philippine national language policy. LPLP, 5, 2, 137–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mobbs, M. (1981). Two languages or one? The significance of the language names ‘Hindi’and ‘Urdu’. JMMD, 2, 3, 203–12.Google Scholar

Mother tongue and English teaching project (MOTET) (1980). (Working Papers Nos. 1–3). School of Research in Education, University of Bradford, England.Google Scholar

Nadkarni, M. V. (1978). Cultural pluralism as a national resource: strategies for language education. In Yap, (ed), 69–79.Google Scholar

Neustupny, J. V. (1970). Basic types of treatment of language problems. Linguistic Communications, 1, 77–98.Google Scholar

Neustupny, J. V. (1978). Post-structural approaches to language. University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar

Noss, R. (1967). Language policy and higher education. Higher education and development in South East Asia. 3, 2. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Nwoye, O. G. (1978). Language planning in Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University.Google Scholar

O'Barr, W. M. & O'Barr, J. F. (eds.) (1976). Language and politics. Contributions to the sociology of language, 10. Mouton: The Hague.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Donnell, W. R. & Todd, L. (1980). Variety in contemporary English. London: Allen & Unwin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okoh, N. (1979). Survey of the language situation in Nigeria. Polyglot, 1, 2, B3–C11.Google Scholar

Oshtain, E. (1979). A theoretical model for developing the teaching of a language of wider communication on a national scale. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.Google Scholar

Otheguy, R. & Otto, R. (1980). The myth of static maintenance in bilingual education. MLJ, 64, 3, 350–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Papers from English strategies for Namibia seminar (1980). United Nations Institute for Namibia, Lusaka.Google Scholar

Papers on mother tongue and bilingualism (1980). DES Consultation, Bournemouth, England.Google Scholar

Papers of 16th regional seminar on New varieties of English (1981). RELC: Singapore.Google Scholar

Parasher, S. V. (1981). Indian English: a sociolinguistic perspective. ITL, 51, 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paulston, C. B. (1974). Implications of language learning theory for language planning: concerns in bilingual education. Papers in Applied Linguistics. Bilingual Education Series 1. Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Perren, G. E. (1979). Languages and minority groups. In Perren, G. E. (ed.), 45–59.Google Scholar

Perren, G. E. (ed.) (1979). The mother tongue and other languages in education. London: CILT.Google Scholar

Pfaff, C. W. (1981). Sociolinguistic problems of immigrants: foreign workers and their children in Germany. Language in Society, 10, 2, 155–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Platt, J. T. (1977). The sub-varieties of Singapore English. In Crewe, (ed.), 83–93.Google Scholar

Platt, J. T. (1980). Varieties and functions of English in Singapore and Malaysia. EWW, 1, 1, 97–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Platt, J. T. & Weber, H. (1980). English in Singapore and Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pool, I. (1973). Communication systems. In Pool, I. et al. (eds.), Handbook of communication (Chicago: Rand McNally), 3–26.Google Scholar

Prator, C. (1968). The British heresy in TESL. In Fishman, et al. (eds.), 459–76.Google Scholar

Pride, J. B. (ed.) (1979). Sociolinguistic aspects of language learning and teaching. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pride, J. B. (ed.) (1982). New Englishes. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Pride, J. B. & Holmes, J. (eds.) (1972). Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Proceedings of conference on the methodology of sociolinguistic surveys, Montreal. (1975). Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Quinn, T. J. (1980 a). New directions for school language study. In Christie, F. & Rothery, J. (eds.), Varieties of language and language teaching (Horwood Language Centre, University of Melbourne: ALAA Occasional Papers, 4), 59–71.Google Scholar

Quinn, T. J. (1980 b). Establishing a threshold-level concept for community language teaching in Australia. Paper presented at National Congress of Modern Language Teaching Associations, Sydney.Google Scholar

Quirk, R. (1981). International communication and the concept of Nuclear English. In Smith, (ed.), 151–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rabin, C. (1971). A tentative classification of language planning aims. In Rubin, & Jernudd, (eds.), 277–9.Google Scholar

Rhodes, J. (1977). Linguistic diversity and language belief in Kenya: the general position of Swahili. Maxwell school of citizenship and public affairs, foreign and comparative studies. African Series 26. Syracuse, New York.Google Scholar

Rice, F. A. (ed.) (1962). Study of the role of second languages. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Richards, J. C. (ed.) (1979). New varieties of English: issues and approaches. RELC Occasional Papers, 8. Singapore: RELC.Google Scholar

Roe, P. (1977). Scientific text. Discourse analysis monographs 4. ELR, University of Birmingham.Google Scholar

Rogers, E. M. & Shoemaker, F. F. (1971). Communication of innovations: a cross-cultural approach. New York: Free Press of Glencoc.Google Scholar

Romaine, S. (1980). A critical overview of the methodology of urban British sociolinguistics. EWW, 1, 2, 163–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosen, H. & Burgess, T. (1980). Language and dialects of London school children. London: Ward Lock Educational.Google Scholar

Rubin, J. (1971). Evaluation and language planning. In Rubin, & Jernudd, (eds.), 217–52.Google Scholar

Rubin, J. (1973). Language planning: discussion of some current issues. In Rubin, & Shuy, (eds.), 1–10.Google Scholar

Rubin, J. (1977). Bilingual education and language planning. In Spolsky, & Cooper, (eds.), 282–94.Google Scholar

Scotton, C. (1978). Language in East Africa: linguistic patterns and political ideologies. In Fishman, (ed.), 719–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sibayan, B. P. (1975). Survey of language use and attitudes towards language in the Philippines. In Ohannessian, et al. (eds.), 115–43.Google Scholar

Sibayan, B. & Gonzalez, A. (eds.) (1977). Language planning and the building of a national language. Philippine Normal College: Linguistic society of the Philippines and language study center.Google Scholar

Simply Stated. Washington: Document Design Center.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, T. & Toukomaa, P. (1976). Teaching migrant children's mother-tongue and learning the language of the host country in the context of the sociocultural situation of the migrant family. Finland: University of Tampere.Google Scholar

Smith, L. E. (ed.) (1981). English for cross-cultural communication. Hong Kong: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sonntag, S. (1980). Language planning and policy in Nepal. ITL, 48, 71–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sonntag, S. (forthcoming). Factors in language policy. Hawaii: East—West Culture Learning Institute.Google Scholar

Spencer, J. (ed.) (1963). Language in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Spencer, J. (1971). The English language in West Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Spencer, J. (1980). Economic and technological implications for language planning. Paper presented at English strategies for Namibia seminar, Lusaka.Google Scholar

Spolsky, B. (1978). Educational linguistics. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Spolsky, B. & Cooper, R. (eds.) (1977). Frontiers of bilingual education. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Spolsky, B. & Cooper, R. (eds.) (1978). Case studies in bilingual education. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Stenhouse, L. (1977). An introduction to curriculum research and development. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Stern, H. (1981). Unity and diversity in L2 teaching. In Smith, (ed), 57–73.Google Scholar

Stewart, W. A. (1968). A sociolinguistic typology for describing multi-lingualism. In Fishman, (ed.), 531–45.Google Scholar

St.Clair, R. Clair, R. & Eiseman, J. (1981). The politics of teaching English as a foreign language. ITL, 51, 21–36.Google Scholar

Stubbs, M. (1980). Language and literacy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Survey of language use and language teaching in Eastern Africa (various editors). 5 vol. series (1972–1980). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tadadjeu, M. (1980). A model for functional trilingual education planning in Africa. Paris: UNESCO, Division of structures, content, methods and techniques of education.Google Scholar

Taylor, A. (1981). Language policy in Papua New Guinea. Linguistic Reporter, 24, 1, 1 and 8–9.Google Scholar

Thorburn, T. (1971). Cost benefit analysis in language planning. In Rubin, & Jernudd, (eds.), 253–62.Google Scholar

Todd, L. (1974). Pidgins and creates. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Todd, L. (1979). Language options for education in a multilingual society: Cameroon. Polyglot, 2, 1.Google Scholar

Tollefson, J. W. (1980). Types of language contact and the acquisition of language. Language Sciences, 2, 231–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tollefson, J. W. (1981 a). The role of language planning in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 31, 2, 337–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tollefson, J. W. (1981 b). Centralised and decentralised language planning. LPLP, 5, 2, 175–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tongue, R. K. (1974). The English of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar

Tosi, A. (1979). Mother-tongue teaching for the children of migrants. Language Teaching & Linguistics: Abstracts, 12, 4, 213–31.Google Scholar

Tosi, A. (forthcoming, 1983). Immigration and bilingual education. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Trudgill, P. (1974). Sociolinguistics. Pelican Books.Google Scholar

Tse, J. K.-P. (1980). Language planning and EFL in middle school education in the Republic of China. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of S. California.Google Scholar

Ubahakwe, E. (ed.) (1979). Varieties and functions of English in Nigeria. Ibadan: African Universities Press.Google Scholar

UNESCO (1953). The use of vernacular languages in education. Monographs on fundamental education 8. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

UNESCO Statistical Yearbook.Google Scholar

Ure, J. (1981). Mother-tongue education and minority languages: a question of values and costs. JMMD, 2, 4, 303–8.Google Scholar

United Nations Institute for Namibia (1981). Toward a language policy for Namibia. Namibia studies series 4, Lusaka, Zambia.Google Scholar

Voegelin, C. & Voegelin, F. (eds.) (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Watson, J. K. P. (1980). Cultural pluralism, nation building and educational policies in Peninsular Malaysia. JMMD, 1, 2, 155–74.Google Scholar

Weinstein, B. (1979). Language strategists: redefining political frontiers on the basis of linguistic choices. World Politics, 31, 3, 345–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weinstein, B. (1980). Language planning in francophone Africa. LPLP, 4, 1, 55–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whiteley, W. (1973). Sociolinguistic surveys at the national level. In Pride, (ed.) (1979), 44–56.Google Scholar

Whiteley, W. (ed.) (1974). Language in Kenya. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Widdowson, H. G. (1968). The teaching of English through science. In Dakin, J., Tiffen, B. & Widowson, H. (eds.), Language in education (London: Oxford University Press), 115–75.Google Scholar

Wigzell, R. (forthcoming, 1982/1983). The role and status of English as a subject in the Zambian English-medium context. In ELT Documents, 115.Google Scholar

Wong, I. (1982). Native-speaker English for the Third World today? In Pride, (ed.), 259–86.Google Scholar

Wurm, S. A. (1977). New Guinea Pidgin – today and tomorrow. In Sibayan, B. & Gonzalez, A. (eds.), 2 218–37.Google Scholar

Wurm, S. A. & Hattori, S. (in press). Language atlas: Pacific area. Part II. Stuttgart: Geo Center internationales Landkartenhaus.Google Scholar

Yap, A. (ed.) (1978). Language education in multilingual societies. RELC Anthology series 4. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar