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The Economy of Supply: Modeling Obsidian Procurement and Craft Provisioning at a Central Mexican Urban Center

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kenneth G. Hirth
Kenneth G. Hirth*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, 409 Carpenter Building, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (kgh2@psu.edu)
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Abstract

This article examines the way that obsidian craftsmen at Xochicalco, Mexico obtained the raw material needed to produce prismatic blades at the site between A.D. 650 and 900. The paper models seven different forms of direct, indirect, and institutional procurement that craftsmen could have used to obtain this obsidian. These seven procurement models are evaluated using two types of information collected from four domestic workshops: (1) source analysis (NAA, PIXE) to identify where obsidian came from, and (2) technological analysis to determine the form in which obsidian entered workshops. The results indicate that Xochicalco craftsmen most likely were provisioned through itinerant craftsmen who periodically visited Xochicalco. Pressure cores nearing exhaustion were sold to Xochicalco craftsmen who rejuvenated them to produce additional prismatic blades using a hand-held blade removal technology. The results indicate that: (1) different forms of craft provisioning can be differentiated when multiple forms of data are incorporated into the distributional approach, (2) independent domestic craft specialists were the foundation for Mesoamerican economy and were individually responsible for the procurement of raw materials and the distribution of finished products, and (3) neither state institutions, nor the elite who directed them, were involved in the procurement of obsidian for craft specialists who produced valued tools.

Resumen

Resumen

Este artículo examina la manera en cómo los artesanos de obsidiana en Xochicalco, México obtuvieron la materia prima necesaria para producir navajas prismáticas en el sitio entre el 650-900 A.D. El estudio modela siete diferentes estrategias de abastecimiento que los artesanos pudieron haber empleado, estas incluyen: 1) dos formas de abastecimiento directo que habrían requerido viajes de artesanos directamente a las canteras para obtener la obsidiana, 2) tres formas de abastecimiento indirecto que involucran a comerciantes especializados, vendedores ambulantes, y artesanos itinerantes que habrían vendido la obsidiana a artesanos de Xochicalco bajo circunstancias diferentes, y 3) dos formas de abastecimiento institucional donde los artesanos fueron proveídos de obsidiana por el estado o instituciones corporativas como gremios de artesanos. Estos siete modelos de abastecimiento son evaluados empleando dos tipos de información. Primero, se utilizó el análisis de la fuente (NAA, PIXE) para identificar la procedencia de la obsidiana y determinar si los talleres aprovecharon obsidiana de una misma fuente o de diferentes. Segundo, se recurrió al análisis tecnológico del debitage derivado de la producción en talleres para determinar la forma en cómo la obsidiana arribó a estos contextos. Los materiales de cuatro talleres de obsidiana son comparados. Los resultados indican que los artesanos de Xochicalco fueron abastecidos de obsidiana mediante el contacto con artesanos viajeros que visitaron Xochicalco como parte de su itinerario normal de viaje. Los artesanos itinerarios parecen haber vendido núcleos de presión casi agotados a los artesanos de Xochicalco quienes, rejuveneciéndolos a núcleos pequeños, lograron extraer de ellos navajillas prismáticas adicionales utilizando una tecnología manual de remoción de navajas. Los resultados ilustran tres aspectos importantes. Primero, muestran que las diferentes formas de abastecimiento artesanal puede ser diferenciadas en el récord arqueológico cuando múltiples formas de datos son incorporados dentro del análisis. Segundo, muestran que los especialistas domésticos independientes fueron la base de la economía Mesoamericana e individualmente responsables de la obtención de la materia prima y de la distribución de productos terminados. Tercero y final, ni las instituciones estatales o las elites encargadas de éstas, se encargaron de obtener la obsidiana para los artisanos que produjeron las herramientas de valor.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , December 2008 , pp. 435 - 457
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2008

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