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Conceptualizing Semi-Legality in Migration Research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Agnieszka Kubal
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Abstract

What is semi-legality, and why does it offer a viable alternative to the legality–illegality binary divide? Semi-legality, as a heuristic device, is useful to frame the various “in-between” statuses and not resorting to illegality every time ambiguities arise as this casts the net of potential fraud far too wide. It could be viewed as a multidimensional space where migrants' formal relationships with the state interact with their various forms of agency toward the law. As a sensitizing theoretical perspective, it helps to explain why many neoliberal regimes, which claim that law and order are the main features distinguishing them from others, actually engage in perpetuating the legally ambiguous modes of incorporation. Delineating the conditions of semi-legality, I use data from 360 qualitative interviews with migrants in four European countries. I discuss: (1) “incomplete” responses to regularization programs (amnesties) – de facto fulfilling the legalization conditions, yet facing barriers to formally (de jure) corroborate this; (2) balancing between the temporality of residence in various EU countries—under-staying in some and overstaying in others; and (3) the nexus with employment—where migrants' residence in a country is lawful, but their work exceeds the restrictions permitted by their visas.

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Law & Society Review , Volume 47 , Issue 3 , September 2013 , pp. 555 - 587
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© 2013 Law and Society Association.

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Footnotes

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Oliver Bakewell for his helpful comments on the earlier draft of this article. I would also like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their very useful, sharp and rigorous comments and suggestions. Financial support from NORFACE research program on Migration in Europe—Social, Economic, Cultural, and Policy Dynamics is acknowledged.

References

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