Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-wbk2r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-09T14:17:31.350Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lawyers and Consumer Protection Laws

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2024

Stewart Macaulay
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The conventional model of the practice of law views lawyers as those who apply legal rules in the service of client interests, checked only by the constraints of the adversary system. A study of the impact of consumer protection laws on the practice of Wisconsin lawyers shows this to be an oversimplification. Lawyers for individuals tend to know little of the precise contours of consumer protection law. They most often serve as mediators between buyer and seller, relying on general norms of fairness and good faith. Lawyers for businesses are more likely to make use of the law, but they are seldom called on to deal with particular disputes. Lawyers' own values and interests are reflected in the way in which they represent clients. As a result, reform laws which create individual rights are likely to have only symbolic effect unless incentives are devised to make their vindication in the long-range interest of members of the bar. Moreover, an understanding of the many roles played by lawyers also requires a more expanded picture of practice. The picture of the lawyer as litigator in the adversary system may itself serve largely symbolic functions.

Type
Research Article
Information
Law & Society Review , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , Fall 1979 , pp. 115 - 171
Copyright
Copyright © 1979 The Law and Society Association.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This study is part of a larger project dealing with consumer protection and the automobile industry, the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, and the consumer protection policies of the Federal Trade Commission, which was funded by the National Science Foundation Law and Social Science Division, SOC 76-22234. Dr. Kenneth McNeil and Professor Gerald Thain are carrying out other parts of the project.

As always, a study is a collaborative effort, and I owe thanks to many people. Dr. Jacqueline Macaulay edited all of the many drafts of the manuscript and was a challenging and helpful critic. Kathryn Winz spent a summer interviewing lawyers, and her own experience in the Office of Consumer Protection of the Wisconsin Department of Justice was most valuable. Ellen Jane Hollingsworth, Marc Galanter, Robert Gordon, Stuart Gullickson, Joel Grossman, Kenneth McNeil, Richard Miller, Ted Schneyer, Gerald Thain, David Trubek, Louise Trubek and William Whitford all read a draft of the manuscript and made very helpful comments. Able research assistance was provided by Jill Anderson, Jane Limprecht and Daniel Wright. At the invitation of Professor John Schlegel, I presented my ideas at a seminar of the Faculty of Law and Jurisprudence at SUNY Buffalo, and I took away important ideas. Yet after all this help, of course, I am still responsible for all errors.

References

References

ABEL, Richard L. (1978) “From the Editor,” 12 Law & Society Review 189.Google Scholar
ABEL, Richard L. (1979a) “The Rise of Professionalism,” 6 British Journal of Law and Society 82.Google Scholar
ABEL, Richard L. (1979b) “Socializing the Legal Profession: Can Redistributing Lawyers' Services Achieve Social Justice?” 1 Law & Policy Quarterly 5.Google Scholar
ALPANDER, Guvenc G. and Jordan I., KOBRITZ (1978) “Prepaid Legal Services: An Emerging Fringe Benefit,” 31 Industrial and Labor Relations Review 172.Google Scholar
AUBERT, Vilhelm (1963) “Competition and Dissensus: Two Types of Conflict and of Conflict Resolution,” 7 Journal of Conflict Resolution 26.Google Scholar
BEAL, Dave (1978) “Big Boom at the Bar,” Milwaukee Journal (Oct. 29), part 9, 4.Google Scholar
BEHAVIOR TODAY (1978) “Coping with the Eighties: The Struggle,” 9 Behavior Today 3 (October 16).Google Scholar
BERNACCHI, Michael D. (1978) “A Behavioral Model for Imposing Strict Liability in Tort: The Importance of Analyzing Product Performance in Relation to Consumer Expectation and Frustration,” 47 Cincinnati Law Review 43.Google Scholar
BEST, Arthur and Alan R., ANDREASEN (1977) “Consumer Response to Unsatisfactory Purchases: A Survey of Perceiving Defects, Voicing Complaints, and Obtaining Redress,” 11 Law & Society Review 701.Google Scholar
BLOOMFIELD, Maxwell H. (1976) American Lawyers in a Changing Society, 1776-1876. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BLUMBERG, Abraham S. (1967) “The Practice of Law as Confidence Game: Organizational Cooptation of a Profession,” 1 (2) Law & Society Review, 15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRAKEL, Samuel J. (1973) “Free Legal Services for the Poor-Staffed Office Versus Judicare: The Client's Evaluation,” 1973 Wisconsin Law Review 532.Google Scholar
BRAKEL, Samuel J. (1974) Judicare: Public Funds, Private Lawyers, and Poor People. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.Google Scholar
BRICKEY, Kathleen F. (1978) “The Magnuson-Moss Act—An Analysis of the Efficacy of Federal Warranty Regulation as a Consumer Protection Tool,” 18 Santa Clara Law Review 73.Google Scholar
BROWN, Louis M. and Harold A., BROWN (1976) “What Counsels the Counselor? The Code of Professional Responsibility's Ethical Considerations—A Preventive Law Analysis,” 10 Valparaiso University Law Review 453.Google Scholar
BUGGE, Lawrence J. (1976) “Is Consumer Protection Becoming Legal Pollution?” 49 Wisconsin Bar Bulletin 15 (June).Google Scholar
BURGER, Warren (1976) “Agenda for 2,000 A.D.—A Need for Systematic Anticipation,” 70 Federal Rules Decisions 79.Google Scholar
BUSINESS WEEK (1975) “Regulators: The Guesswork on Warranties,” July 14, 1975: 51.Google Scholar
CAIN, Maureen, (1979) “The General Practice Lawyer and the Client: Towards a Radical Conception,” 7 International Journal of the Sociology of Law 331.Google Scholar
CASE, Karen A. (1977) “Legal Service Plans—The Newest Tax Benefits to Employees,” 50 Wisconsin Bar Bulletin 9 (January).Google Scholar
CERRA, Frances (1977) “Dispute over Truth-in-Lending Act Grows,” New York Times (July 4) 22.Google Scholar
CHURCH, Virginia Anne (1975) “Innovations in Legal Counseling,” 49 Florida Bar Journal 10 (January).Google Scholar
COHEN, Dorothy (1975) “Remedies for Consumer Protection: Prevention, Restitution, or Punishment,” 39 Journal of Marketing 24 (October).Google Scholar
COLVIN, Diane Tremmel and Victor H., KRAMER (1975) “Group Legal Service Plans in Wisconsin,” 48 Wisconsin Bar Bulletin 47 (February).Google Scholar
CONSUMER REPORTS (1975) “Product Warranties: Congress Lends a Helping Hand,” 40 Consumer Reports 164 (March).Google Scholar
CONWAY, Gregory B. (1975) “One Firm's Experience With a Group Legal Service Plan,” 48 Wisconsin Bar Bulletin 8 (October).Google Scholar
CORNELL LAW REVIEW (1977) “Note: Consumer Product Warranties Under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act and the Uniform Commercial Code,” 62 Cornell Law Review 738.Google Scholar
CROWE, Patricia Ward (1978) “Complainant Reactions to the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination,” 12 Law & Society Review 217.Google Scholar
CURRAN, Barbara A. (1977) The Legal Needs of the Public: The Final Report of a National Survey. Chicago: The American Bar Foundation.Google Scholar
CYR, Joseph (1978) “The Role and Functions of the Attorney in the Civil Commitment Process: the District of Columbia's Approach,” 6 Journal of Psychiatry and Law 107.Google Scholar
DANZIG, Richard (1973) “Toward the Creation of a Complementary, Decentralized System of Criminal Justice,” 26 Stanford Law Review 1.Google Scholar
DANZIG, Richard and Michael J., LOWY (1975) “Everyday Disputes and Mediation in the United States: A Reply to Professor Felstiner,” 9 Law & Society Review 675.Google Scholar
DAVIS, Jeffrey (1973) “Legislative Restriction of Creditor Powers and Remedies: A Case Study of the Negotiation and Drafting of the Wisconsin Consumer Act,” 72 Michigan Law Review 1.Google Scholar
DAWIDOFF, Donald J. (1975) “Commitment of the Mentally Ill in New York: Some Comments and Suggestions,” 3 Journal of Psychiatry and Law 79.Google Scholar
DEUTSCH, Phyllis Z. (1973) “The Family Law Practitioner as Legal Psychiatric Worker,” State Bar of California Journal (March-April) 158.Google Scholar
DICKINSON, Ernest (1976) “Lawyers Proliferate and Prosper: Workload Raised by Regulation and Delays,” New York Times (January 25), Section 3:7.Google Scholar
DIENER, Betty J. and Stephen A., GREYSER (1978) “Consumer Views of Redress Needs,” 42 Journal of Marketing 21 (October).Google Scholar
DINGWALL, Robert (1977) “Atrocity Stories and Professional Relationships,” 4 Sociology of Work & Occupations 371.Google Scholar
DOLBEARE, Kenneth M. and Phillip E., HAMMOND (1971) The School Prayer Decisions, from Court Policy to Local Practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
EDDY, Jonathan A. (1977a) “Effects of the Magnuson-Moss Act Upon Consumer Product Warranties,” 55 North Carolina Law Review 835.Google Scholar
EDDY, Jonathan A. (1977b) “On the ‘Essential’ Purposes of Limited Remedies: The Metaphysics of UCC Section 2-719(2),” 65 California Law Review 28 (1977).Google Scholar
ELKINS, James R. (1977) “A Counseling Model for Lawyering in Divorce Cases,” 53 Notre Dame Lawyer 229.Google Scholar
FAHLGREN, George W. (1976) “Unconscionability: Warranty Disclaimers and Consequential Damage Limitations,” 20 Saint Louis University Law Journal 435.Google Scholar
FAIR, Daryl R. and David H., MOSKOWITZ (1975) “The Lawyer's Role: Watergate as Regularity Rather than Aberration,” 2 Journal of Contemporary Law 75.Google Scholar
FALK, Carol H. (1978) “Legal Upheaval: Lawyers Are Facing Surge in Competition as Courts Drop Curbs,” Wall Street Journal (October 18) 1.Google Scholar
FAYNE, Steven N. and Marsha J., SMITH (1977) “Dealing with Magnuson-Moss,” 8 Cumberland Law Review 205.Google Scholar
FELSTINER, William L.F. (1974) “Influences of Social Organization on Dispute Processing,” 9 Law & Society Review 63.Google Scholar
FELSTINER, William L.F. (1975) “Avoidance as Dispute Processing: An Elaboration,” 9 Law & Society Review 695.Google Scholar
FENDELL, Bob (1975) “‘Lemon Law’ Effect Uncertain,” New York Times (October 12) Section 11:13.Google Scholar
FIELD, Thomas G. Jr. (1978) “Appraising Private and Public Roles in Returning Small Economic Losses to Consumers: A Comparative Inquiry,” 29 Mercer Law Review 773 (1978).Google Scholar
FLINK, Marc D. (1978) “Note: Private Enforcement Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act,” 28 Case Western Law Review 710.Google Scholar
FRANK, John P., (1965) “The Legal Ethics of Louis D. Brandeis,” 17 Stanford Law Review 683.Google Scholar
FREEDMAN, Audrey (1977) “Legal Services—The New Fringe Benefit?” 14 (5) Across the Board 60 (May).Google Scholar
FRENZEL, Lawrence D. (1977) “Fair Credit Reporting Act: The Case for Revision,” 10 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 409.Google Scholar
GALANTER, Marc (1974) “Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change,” 9 Law & Society Review 95.Google Scholar
GALIE, Lawrence P. (1978) “An Essay on the Civil Commitment Lawyer: or How I learned to Hate the Adversary System,” 6 Journal of Psychiatry and Law 71.Google Scholar
GALLUCCIO, Nick (1978) “The Rise of the Company Lawyer: Government Red Tape Costs American Consumers Plenty But it is Creating New Opportunities for Law School Graduates,” Forbes (September 18) 168.Google Scholar
GRANELLI, James S. (1979) “The Client as Deadbeat: When to Sue,” The National Law Journal (January 8) 1.Google Scholar
GRIFFITHS, J.E. (1977) “The Distribution of Legal Services in the Netherlands,” 4 British Journal of Law and Society 260.Google Scholar
GULLIVER, P.H. (1977) “On Mediators,” in Hamnett, Ian (ed.), Social Anthropology and the Law. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
HAEFNER, James and John, LECKENBY (1975) “Consumers' Use and Awareness of Consumer Protection Agencies,” 9 Journal of Consumer Affairs 205.Google Scholar
HAGY, James C. (1977) “Note: Simultaneous Representation: Transaction Resolution in the Adversary System,” 28 Case Western Law Review 86.Google Scholar
HARRIS, Roy J. Jr. (1977) “Prepaid Legal Insurance is Seen Becoming Unions' Next Big Fringe-Benefit Demand,” Wall Street Journal (July 29) 24.Google Scholar
HAZARD, Geoffrey C. Jr. (1978) Ethics in the Practice of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
HEINZ, John P. and Edward O., LAUMANN (1978) “The Legal Profession: Client Interests, Professional Roles, and Social Hierarchies,” 76 Michigan Law Review 1111.Google Scholar
HORSKY, Charles A. (1952) The Washington Lawyer. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
HOSTICKA, Carl J. (1979) “We Don't Care About What Happened, We Only Care About What is Going to Happen: Lawyer-Client Negotiations of Reality,” 26 Social Problems 599.Google Scholar
HURST, James Willard (1950) The Growth of American Law: The Law Makers. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
HURST, James Willard (1960) Law and Social Process in United States History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Law School.Google Scholar
INDIANA LAW JOURNAL (1976) “The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act: Consumer Information and Warranty Regulation,” 51 Indiana Law Journal 397.Google Scholar
JOHNSON, Earl Jr. and Elizabeth, SCHWARTZ (1978) A Preliminary Analysis of Alternative Strategies for Processing Civil Disputes. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
JEFFRIES, James (1974) “Protection for Consumers Against Unfair and Deceptive Business,” 57 Marquette Law Review 559.Google Scholar
KENDRICK, Rosemary (1978) “$31,000 Fee for Bias Suit,” The [Madison, Wisconsin] Press Connection (August 10) 3.Google Scholar
LADIES HOME JOURNAL (1976) “Ralph Nader Reports,” Oct., 1976: 66.Google Scholar
LADINSKY, Jack (1976) “The Traffic in Legal Services: Lawyer-Seeking Behavior and the Channeling of Clients,” 11 Law & Society Review 207.Google Scholar
LADINSKY, Jack, Stewart, MACAULAY and Jill, ANDERSON (1979) “The Milwaukee Dispute Mapping Project: A Preliminary Report,” Working Paper 1979-3, Dispute Processing Research Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Law School.Google Scholar
LANDERS, Jonathan M. (1977) “Some Reflections on Truth in Lending,” 1977 University of Illinois Law Forum 669.Google Scholar
LAUMANN, Edward O. and John P., HEINZ, (1977) “Specialization and Prestige in the Legal Profession: The Structure of Deference,” 1977 American Bar Foundation Research Journal 155.Google Scholar
LOCHNER, Philip R. Jr. (1975) “The No Fee and Low Fee Legal Practice of Private Attorneys,” 9 Law & Society Review 431.Google Scholar
LORNE, Simon M. (1978) “The Corporate Securities Adviser, The Public Interest, and Professional Ethics,” 76 Michigan Law Review 423.Google Scholar
MACAULAY, Jacqueline and Stewart, MACAULAY (1978) “Adoption for Black Children: A Case Study of Expert Discretion, in Simon, Rita J. (ed.), Research in Law and Sociology: An Annual Compilation of Research. Greenwich: JAI Press.Google Scholar
MACAULAY, Stewart (1963) “Non-Contractual Relations in Business: A Preliminary Study,” 28 American Sociological Review 55.Google Scholar
McCONNELL, Jon P. and Charles M., LILLIS (1976) “A Comment on the Role, Structure, and Function of Corporate Legal Departments,” 14 American Business Law Journal 227.Google Scholar
McGILLIS, Daniel, and Joan, MULLEN (1977) Neighborhood Justice Centers: An Analysis of Potential Models. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
McNEIL, Kenneth, NEVIN, John R., TRUBEK, David M., and Richard E., MILLER (1979) “Market Discrimination Against the Poor and the Impact of Consumer Disclosure Laws: The Used Car Industry,” 13 Law & Society Review 695.Google Scholar
MASON, Joseph and Samuel, HIMES (1973) “An Exploratory Behavioral and Socio-Economic Profile of Consumer Action About Dissatisfaction with Selected Household Appliances,” 7 Journal of Consumer Affairs 121.Google Scholar
MAYHEW, Leon and Albert J., REISS Jr. (1969) “The Social Organization of Legal Contacts,” 34 American Sociological Review 309.Google Scholar
MILLER, Judith (1978) “What a Lawyer Owes His Client: A.B.A., S.E.C. Study Change in Corporate Law Standards,” New York Times (December 17) Section 3:1.Google Scholar
MUIR, William K. (1967) Prayer in the Public Schools: Law and Attitude Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
NADER, Laura (1969) “Styles of Court Procedure: To Make the Balance,” in Nader, L. (ed.), Law in Culture and Society. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
NASH, Gary B. (1965) “The Philadelphia Bench and Bar, 1800-1861,” 7 Comparative Studies in Society & History 203 (1965).Google Scholar
PAUL, Roland A. (1976) “A New Role for Lawyers in Contract Negotiations,” 62 American Bar Association Journal 93.Google Scholar
PERHAM, John C. (1977) “The Dilemma in Product Liability,” 109 Dun's Review 48 (January).Google Scholar
PROTTAS, Jeffrey Manditch (1978) “The Power of the Street-Level Bureaucrat in Public Service Bureaucracies,” 13 Urban Affairs Quarterly 285.Google Scholar
RAMSAY, Iain D.C. (1978) “Empirical Study of Edmonton Retailers' Policies for Dissatisfied Consumer Purchases,” Unpublished study, The Institute of Law Research and Reform, The University of Alberta, Canada.Google Scholar
RAST, L. EDMUND (1978) “What the Chief Executive Looks for in his Corporate Law Department,” 33 The Business Lawyer 881.Google Scholar
REED, John P. (1969) “The Lawyer-Client: A Managed Relationship?” 12 Academy of Management Journal 67 (March).Google Scholar
RHEINGOLD, Paul D. (1977) “Tackling Corporate Defendants in Product Cases,” 1 Journal of Product Liability 33.Google Scholar
ROBERTS, Barry S. (1978) “The Magnuson-Moss Federal Warranty Act and Failure of its Essential Purpose, Uniform Commercial Code 2-719(2),” 33 The Business Lawyer 1845.Google Scholar
ROSENTHAL, Douglas E. (1974) Lawyer and Client: Who's In Charge? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
ROSS, H. Laurence (1970) Settled Out of Court: The Social Process of Insurance Claims Adjustments. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
ROSS, H. Laurence and Neil O., LTTTLEFIELD (1978) “Complaint as a Problem-Solving Mechanism,” 12 Law & Society Review 199.Google Scholar
ROSS, S.D. (1976) “The Role of Lawyers in Society,” 48 The Australian Quarterly 61 (March, 1976).Google Scholar
ROTHSCHILD, Donald P. (1976) “The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act: Does It Balance Warrantor and Consumer Interests?” 44 George Washington Law Review 335.Google Scholar
RUGABER, Walter (1974) “Federal Warranty Standards and Consumer Aid Agreed On,” New York Times (Dec. 11) 1.Google Scholar
SAXE, David B. and David I., BLEJWAS (1976) “The Federal Warranty Act: Progress and Pitfalls,” 22 New York Law School Law Review 1.Google Scholar
SCHEINGOLD, Stuart A. (1974) The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
SCHNEYER, Theodore J. (1978) “Uncharitable Thoughts on Mandatory Pro Bono: Internal Subsidy, External Subsidy, and Professional Ideology as Ways to Affect the Market for Legal Services,” Presented at Law & Society Association Meeting, Minneapolis (May 18th).Google Scholar
SCHROEDER, Milton R. (1978) “Private Actions under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act,” 66 California Law Review 1.Google Scholar
SHAFFER, Thomas L. (1969) “The ‘Estate Planning’ Counselor and Values Destroyed by Death,” 55 Iowa Law Review 376.Google Scholar
SIMON, William H. (1978) “The Ideology of Advocacy: Procedural Justice and Professional Ethics,” 1978 Wisconsin Law Review 29.Google Scholar
SNIDERMAN, Paul M. and Richard A., BRODY (1977) “Coping: The Ethic of Self-Reliance,” 21 American Journal of Political Science 501.Google Scholar
SOLOMON, Stephen (1979) “The Corporate Lawyer's Dilemma,” 100 Fortune 138 (Nov. 5, 1979).Google Scholar
SPENCER, Janet Maleson and Joseph P., ZAMMIT (1976) “Mediation-Arbitration: A Proposal for Private Resolution of Disputes Between Divorced or Separated Parents,” 1976 Duke Law Journal 911.Google Scholar
STATE BAR OF WISCONSIN (1979) Lawlnfo: A Report to the Bar—1. Madison: State Bar of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
STEELE, Eric H. (1975) “Fraud, Disputes, and the Consumer: Responding to Consumer Complaints,” 123 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1107.Google Scholar
STUART, Reginald (1979) “Hot From Detroit: Service Warranties,” New York Times (February 16) D 1.Google Scholar
THOMPSON, Frank (1979) “U.W. Researchers ‘Mapping’ Consumer Complaints,” The Public I (July, 1979) 6.Google Scholar
TIME (1976) “Marketing: Anti-Lemon Aid,” (February 9) 76.Google Scholar
UNGER, Roberto M. (1976) Law in Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
VIERA-GALLO, Jose Antonio (1972) “The Legal System and Socialism,” 1972 Wisconsin Law Review 754.Google Scholar
WARLAND, Rex H., HERMANN, Robert O., and Jane, WILLITS (1975) “Dissatisfied Consumers: Who Gets Upset and Who Takes Action,” 9 Journal of Consumer Affairs 148.Google Scholar
WHITE, James J. (1977) “Evaluating Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code: A Preliminary Empirical Expedition,” 75 Michigan Law Review 1262.Google Scholar
WHITFORD, William C. (1968) “Strict Products Liability and the Automobile Industry: Much Ado About Nothing,” 1968 Wisconsin Law Review 83.Google Scholar
WHITFORD, William C. (1973) “The Functions of Disclosure Regulation in Consumer Transactions,” 1973 Wisconsin Law Review 400.Google Scholar
WHITFORD, William C. and Spencer, KIMBALL (1974) “Why Process Consumer Complaints? A Case Study of the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance of Wisconsin,” 1974 Wisconsin Law Review 639.Google Scholar
WILKES, Robert E. (1978) “Fraudulent Behavior by Consumers,” 42 Journal of Marketing 67 (1978).Google Scholar
WILKES, Robert E. and James B., WILCOX (1976) “Consumer Perceptions of Product Warranties and Their Implications for Retail Strategy,” 4 Journal.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WILLIAMS, Harold M. (1978) “Corporate Accountability and the Lawyer's Role,” 34 The Business Lawyer 7.Google Scholar
WISDOM, Michael T. (1979) “An Empirical Study of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act,” 31 Stanford Law Review 1117.Google Scholar
YALE LAW JOURNAL (1975) “Note: The Role of Counsel in the Civil Commitment Process: A Theoretical Framework,” 84 Yale Law Journal 1540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WISDOM, Michael T. (1976) “Project: The Unauthorized Practice of Law and Pro Se Divorce: An Empirical Analysis,” 86 Yale Law Journal 104.Google Scholar
WISDOM, Michael T. (1978) “Note: Lawyering for the Child: Principles of Representation in Custody and Visitation Disputes Arising from Divorce,” 87 Yale Law Journal 1126.Google Scholar
ZANDER, Thomas (1976) “Civil Commitment in Wisconsin: The Impact of Lessard v. Schmidt,” 1976 Wisconsin Law Review 503.Google Scholar

Cases

State v. J.C. Penney Co., 48 WI2d 125, 179 NW2d 641 (1970).Google Scholar