¹ Auchmuty, R ‘Whatever happened to Miss Bebb? Bebb v The Law Society and women's legal history’ (2011) 31 LS 199Google Scholar; Auchmuty, R and Rackley, E ‘The Women's Legal Landmarks project: celebrating 100 years of women in the law in the UK and Ireland’ (2016) 16 LIM 30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Auchmuty, R and Rackley, E Women’s Legal Landmarks: Celebrating the History of Women and Law in the UK and Ireland (Oxford: Hart, 2018)Google Scholar.

² Ibid.

³ Auchmuty, above n 1, p 200.

⁴ Universities UK and Higher Education Statistics Agency ‘Higher education: a diverse and changing sector’ (2013) p 13; Law Society ‘Trends in the legal profession’ (2009) at 6, respectively.

⁵ The General Council of the Bar of England and Wales ‘Bar barometer: trends in the profile of the Bar’ (2014), available at https://www.barcouncil.org.uk/media/287767/bar_barometer_report__updated_-_june_2014_pdf (accessed 18 January 2019) and Queen's Council statistics, available at https://www.barstandardsboard.org.uk/media-centre/research-and-statistics/statistics/queen's-counsel-statistics/ (accessed 18 January 2019); Courts and Tribunals Judiciary ‘Judicial Diversity Statistics 2017’, available at https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/diversity/judicial-diversity-statistics-2017/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁶ Hunter, R, McGlynn, C and Rackley, E Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice (Oxford: Hart, 2010) esp pp 6–7Google Scholar; Hunter, R ‘Women barristers and gender difference’ in Schultze, U and Shaw, G (eds) Women in the World's Legal Professions (Oxford: Hart, 2003)Google Scholar; C McGlynn ‘An analysis of the business case for sex equality’ in Schultze and Shaw, ibid, pp 169–171; U Schultz ‘Women lawyers in Germany – perception and construction of femininity’ in Schultze and Shaw, ibid, pp 295–321.

⁷ Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 and Representation of the People Act 1918.

⁸ See https://first100years.org.uk/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁹ See http://www.parliament.uk/vote100 (accessed 18 January 2019).

¹⁰ Auchmuty and Rackley (2018), above n 1; see https://womenslegallandmarks.com/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

¹¹ Caroline Criado-Perez categorised the statues in the Public Monuments and Structures’ database and found that 158 out of 925 are of a single woman compared with 508 of a single man, and only 2.7% of all the statues are of women who are not a monarch or fictional figure: C Criado-Perez ‘I sorted the UK's statues by gender – a mere 2.7 per cent are of historical, non-royal women’ New Statesman (26 March 2016), available at http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2016/03/i-sorted-uk-s-statues-gender-mere-27-cent-are-historical-non-royal-women (accessed 18 January 2019).

¹² BBC News ‘Millicent Fawcett to be first woman statue in Parliament Square’ (27 April 2017), available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39471407 (accessed 18 January 2019).

¹³ Houses of Parliament ‘Women in Parliament: a guide to the history of women's participation in Parliament and their representation in historical collections’ (Speaker's Advisory Committee on Works of Art, The Speaker's Art Fund, Houses of Parliament, 2015); see also http://www.parliament.uk/worksofart/collection-highlights/portraits/women-in-parliament (accessed 18 January 2019).

¹⁴ For some of the few examples see Mulcahy, L ‘I'm not watching I'm waiting: the construction of visual codes about women's role as spectators in the trial in nineteenth century England’ (2014) 14 LIM 22CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mulcahy, L ‘Docile suffragettes? Resistance to police photography and the possibility of object–subject transformation’ (2015) 23 FLS 79Google Scholar; Moran, LJ ‘Judging pictures: a case study of portraits of the Chief Justices, Supreme Court of New South Wales’ (2009) 5 Int JLC 295Google Scholar.

¹⁵ For instance see Douzinas, C and Nead, L Law and the Image: The Authority of Art and the Aesthetics of Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Wagner, A and Sherwin, R Law, Culture and Visual Studies (Netherlands: Springer, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Douzinas, C ‘The legality of the image’ (2000) 63 MLR 813CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ben-Dor, O Law and Art: Justice, Ethics and Aesthetics (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011)Google Scholar; Nettel, AL ‘The power of image and the image of power: the case of law’ (2005) 21 Word & Image 136CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On politics, social inequalities, visual culture and art in general, see bell hooks Art on My Mind: Visual Politics (New Press, 1995) p 58Google Scholar; Broude, N and Garrard, M ‘Introduction: the expanding discourse’ in Broude, N and Garrard, M (eds) The Expanding Discourse: Feminism and Art History (New York: Harper Collins, 1992)Google Scholar; Berger, J Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 1972)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Mulcahy (2014), above n 14.

¹⁷ In relation to judicial portraits see Moran, LJ ‘Judicial bodies as sexual bodies: a tale of two portraits’ (2008) 29 Austrl Feminist LJ 91 at 94–95Google Scholar. In relation to portraiture more generally see Nelson, CA Representing the Black Female Subject in Western Art (New York: Routledge, 2010) p 64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ A point made by Elizabeth Goldring in a book which is an exception to the general rule, Goldring, E ‘The art, architechture and gardens of the early modern Inns of Court’ in Archer, JE, Goldring, E and Knight, S (eds) The Intellectual and Cultural World of the Early Modern Inns of Court (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011) p 127Google Scholar; see also T Cooper ‘Professional pride and personal agendas: portraits of judges, lawyers and members of the Inns of Court, 1560–1630’ in Archer, Goldring and Knight, ibid, pp 157–158; Moran, above n 14; Moran, above n 17.

¹⁹ Information about and images from the exhibition can be viewed at http://www.iwlaw.uk/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

²⁰ Moran, above n 17, at 94–96.

²¹ Tagg, J The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories (Palgrave MacMillan, 1988) p 37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²² Jordanova, L Defining Features: Scientific and Medical Portraits 1660–2000 (London: Reaktion, 2000)Google Scholar.

²³ West, S Portraiture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) p 48Google Scholar; Brilliant, R Portraiture (London: Reaktion, 1991 (reprinted 1997 & 2002))Google Scholar; Jenkins, M The State Portrait: Its Origins and Evolution (New York: College Art Association, 1947)Google Scholar.

²⁴ Jenkins, ibid, p 1.

²⁵ Moran, above n 14, at 298–299.

²⁶ Jordanova, L ‘Medical men 1780–1820’ in Woodall, J (ed) Portraiture: Facing the Subject (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997)Google Scholar.

²⁷ This was the display when I visited on 30 August 2016.

²⁸ As it was on 30 August 2016. The quote (in Court 2) is included on a webpage about the Supreme Court artwork, but there is no mention of Roosevelt: https://www.supremecourt.uk/visiting/new-artwork.html#entrance (accessed 18 January 2019).

²⁹ The portraits can be viewed at https://www.gac.culture.gov.uk/portraits_list/. See also the portraits discussed in ‘Reins of Power’, Schama, S The Face of Britain; The Nation through its Portraits (Viking, 2015) pp 43–57Google Scholar; and the Uncomfortable Art Tour running at the National Portrait Gallery in July and August 2018, showing the ways colonialism shaped and funded the national collection, and the history of empire and genocide underpinning British art: https://www.theexhibitionist.org/ (accessed 18 January 2019). A thorough investigation of the ethnic backgrounds of the primary subjects in law portraiture is beyond the scope of this paper, although addressing the homogeneity of portraiture in law to represent the diversity of people who work with law is further discussed below. See in particular text associated with nn 95–96.

³⁰ There are 16 men and five women portrayed. However, there is sometimes more than one portrait of the same person. If these are counted, the numbers look more equal – there are 22 portraits of men and 23 of women. However, 18 of the portraits of women are of the same woman – Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), Queen Consort of King Edward VII, as Princess of Wales. Only individual portraits were counted. The portrait collection can be viewed at http://www.gac.culture.gov.uk/portraits_list.aspx (accessed 6 February 2018).

³¹ See http://www.parliament.uk/worksofart/collection-highlights/portraits (accessed 18 January 2019).

³² See http://www.parliament.uk/worksofart/collection-highlights/portraits/women-in-parliament (accessed 18 January 2019). For more detail about the exhibition and project history of women in Parliament see http://www.parliament.uk/documents/WORKS-OF-ART/Women-in-Parliament-History-web.pdf (accessed 18 January 2019).

³³ Cooper, above n 18; Moran, LJ ‘Visual justice’ (2012) 8 Int JLC 431 at 443Google Scholar; Pat Hardy, assistant curator at the National Portrait Gallery, reviewing the portraiture at Inner Temple for Counsel magazine: https://www.counselmagazine.co.uk/articles/inner-temple-portraiture (accessed 18 January 2019); see also http://www.innertemple.org.uk/history/paintings (accessed 18 January 2019); http://www.middletemple.org.uk/library-and-archive (accessed 18 January 2019); https://www.graysinn.org.uk/history (accessed 18 January 2019).

³⁴ Auchmuty, above n 1; Miles, R The Women's History of the World (Paladin Books, 1989)Google Scholar.

³⁵ Moran, above n 17, at 96.

³⁶ Ibid.

³⁷ Ibid, at 97.

³⁸ For example see Rackley, E Women, Judging and the Judiciary (London: Routledge, 2013)Google Scholar; Schultz, U and Shaw, G Gender and Judging (Oxford: Hart, 2011)Google Scholar; Feenan, D ‘Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity’ (2009) 35 JLS 490 at 495–500Google Scholar; Hale, B ‘Making a difference? Why we need a more diverse judiciary’ (2005) 56 NILQ 281Google Scholar.

³⁹ Hardy, above n 33.

⁴⁰ Shifrin, S Re-framing Representations of Women (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008) p 177Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Ibid.

⁴² Howson, A ‘The female body in women's artistic practice: developing a feminist sociological approach’ in Inglis, D and Hughson, J (eds) The Sociology of Art: Ways of Seeing (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)Google Scholar; P Simmons ‘Women in frames: the gaze, the eye, the profile in renaissance portraiture’ in Broude and Garrard, above n 15.

⁴³ Broude, N and Garrard, M ‘Introduction’ in Feminism and Art History (Harper and Row, 1982) p 14Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ O Rudgard ‘Lady Hale breaks from tradition with smiling Gray's Inn Portrait’ The Telegraph (26 July 2018), available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/26/lady-hale-breaks-tradition-smiling-grays-inn-portrait/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁴⁵ J Ames and F Gibb ‘Jury is out on smiley portrait of Supreme Court President’ The Times (28 July 2018), available at https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jury-is-out-on-smiley-portrait-of-supreme-court-president-baroness-hale-of-richmond-q3s2r2bvg (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁴⁶ T Connelly ‘Girl power: 5 female Court of Appeal judges captured in historic group portrait’, Legal Cheek (18 November 2016), available at http://www.legalcheek.com/2016/11/girl-power-5-female-court-of-appeal-judges-captured-in-historic-group-portrait/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁴⁷ For an overview see H Sommerlad et al ‘Diversity in the legal profession in England and Wales: a qualitative study of barriers and individual choices’, available at http://www.legalservicesboard.org.uk/what_we_do/Research/Publications/pdf/lsb_diversity_in_the_legal_profession_final_rev.pdf (accessed 18 January 2019) at 39–41; Wald, E ‘Glass ceilings and dead ends: professional ideologies, gender stereotypes, and the future of women lawyers at large firms’ (2010) 78 Fordham L Rev 2245, part 4Google Scholar; Sommerlad, H ‘The gendering of the professional subject: commitment, choice and social closure in the legal profession’ in McGlynn, C (ed) Legal Feminisms: Theory and Practice (UK: Ashgate, 1998)Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ For example see Graycar, R and Morgan, J The Hidden Gender of Law (Sydney: Federation Press, 2002)Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Auchmuty, above n 1.

⁵⁰ Collier, R ‘The changing university and the (legal) academic career – rethinking the relationship between women, men and the “private life” of the law school’ (2002) 22 LS 1 at 9–10Google Scholar.

⁵¹ McGlynn, C ‘Women, representation and the legal academy’ (1999) 19 LS 68 at 87Google Scholar; Collier, R ‘“Nutty professors”, “men in suits” and “new entrepeneurs”: corporeality, subjectivity and change in the law school and legal practice’ (1998) 4 S & LS 5Google Scholar.

⁵² For example see National Union of Students ‘Hidden marks: a study of women students’ experiences of harassment, stalking, violence and sexual assault’ (2011), available at https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/resources/hidden-marks-a-study-of-women-students-experiences-of-harassment-stalking-violence-and-sexual-assault (accessed 18 January 2019); Phipps, A and Young, I ‘Neoliberalisation and “lad cultures” in higher education’ (2015) 49 Sociology 305CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵³ Auchmuty, R ‘Recovering lost lives: researching women in legal history’ (2015) 42 JLS 34 at 49CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁴ Wald, P McGowan ‘Women in the law’ (1988) 24 Trial 75 at 75Google Scholar, quoted and cited in Tobias, C ‘Engendering law faculties’ (1990) 44 U Miami L Rev 1143 at 1143Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ Auchmuty, above n 53, at 49; McGlynn, above n 51, at 87; Schneider, EM ‘Task force reports on women in the courts: the challenge for legal education’ (1988) 38 J Leg Ed 87 at 95Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Goodrich, P ‘Looking at the overlooked: portraits of law school deans’ (2006) 54 Buff L Rev 833 at 835Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Pointon, M Hanging the Head (Hong Kong: Kwong Fat Offsett Printing Co, 1993)Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Broude and Garrard, above n 43, p 14.

⁵⁹ Dasgupta, N and Asgari, S ‘Seeing is believing: exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping’ (2004) 40 Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 642CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lockwood, P ‘Someone like me can be successful: do college students need same-gender role models?’ (2006) 30 Psychology of Women Quarterly 36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Latu, IM et al. ‘Successful female leaders empower women's behavior in leadership tasks’ (2013) 49 Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 444CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁰ Steele, CM ‘A threat in the air: how stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance’ (1997) 52 American Psychologist 613CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; On ‘unconscious bias’ generally see Turnbull, H The Illusion of Inclusion: Global Inclusion, Unconscious Bias and the Bottom Line (Business Expert Press, 2016)Google Scholar; and Fine, C Delusions of Gender: The Real Science Behind Sex Differences (Icon Books Ltd, 2010), especially part 1Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Rudman, LA and Phelan, JE ‘The effect of priming gender roles on women's implicit gender beliefs and career aspirations’ (2010) 41 Social Psychology 192CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hoyt, CL and Simon, S ‘Female leaders: injurious or inspiring role models for women?’ (2011) 35 Psychology of Women Quarterly 143CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶² Hoyt and Simon, ibid.

⁶³ Lockwood, above n 59.

⁶⁴ Hoyt and Simon, above n 61.

⁶⁵ Latu et al, above n 59.

⁶⁶ Ibid, at 448.

⁶⁷ Seymour, DM ‘Representation and the framing of modernity’ (2002) 10 GLR 259 at 259Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ Brilliant, above n 23, p 14.

⁶⁹ Van Alphen, E ‘The portrait's dispersal: concepts of representation and subjectivity in contemporary portraiture’ in Woodall, J (ed) Portraiture: Facing the Subject (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997) p 239Google Scholar.

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⁷¹ Brilliant, above n 23, p 8.

⁷² Berger, above n 15.

⁷³ M Reisz ‘What purpose do campus art collections serve?’ Times Higher Education (30 July 2015), available at https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/what-purpose-do-campus-art-collections-serve; see also https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/what-is-the-point-of-university-art-collections (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁷⁴ Ibid.

⁷⁵ See http://artuk.org/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁷⁶ Response received 17 August 2016. Apart from John Brooks, former Vice-Chancellor, the others can be viewed on artuk: https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/view_as/grid/search/keyword:manchester-metropolitan-university/page/4#artwork-female-nude-203873 (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁷⁷ Manchester Metropolitan University's oil painting collection as shown on Art UK: https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/view_as/grid/search/keyword:manchester-metropolitan-university/page/5#artwork-all-saints-park-manchester-203930 (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁷⁸ At the time of the freedom of information request response, received 26 August 2016.

⁷⁹ Warwick University has an online catalogue of the Art Collection, which can be searched, amongst other things, by medium and location: see http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/art/. Filtering to include painting, photograph, drawing, prints, sculpture, glass (and excluding ceramic, textile, collage) across the entire university, there are 816 artworks catalogued, of which I identified 20 as portraits of a single subject (August 2016).

⁸⁰ See http://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/collection:university-of-leicester-762/page/2#artwork-the-reader-86858 (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁸¹ Freedom of information response received 7 September 2016.

⁸² In addition, these 20 portraits are included in NU Women's artwork audit discussed above, making up nearly one third of the pieces of art which feature women displayed in the buildings sampled.

⁸³ See http://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/about/vis-arts/global-portraits.aspx; https://www.flickr.com/photos/kcl_law/20901055521/ (accessed 18 January 2019). There is a large number of artworks on the walls and a great variety in content, style, and so on, as in 2012 the Law School moved to Somerset House East Wing, being rehoused and renamed in part by a £20 million donation from Mr Dickson Poon, and established a series of art and educational exhibitions. For more information, see the School's webpages at http://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/about/vis-arts/index.aspx (accessed 6 February 2018).

⁸⁴ See http://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/about/vis-arts/global-portraits.aspx (accessed 6 February 2018).

⁸⁵ See above n 83.

⁸⁶ See above n 77.

⁸⁷ Ashbee, CR Caricature (London: Chapman and Hall, 1928) p 3Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Porter, HF Jr ‘Behind the satire: a lawyer looks at Daumier’ (1958) 44(6) ABA J 530Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Sherry, J ‘Four modes of caricature: reflections upon a genre’ (1987) 18 Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 29 at Fig 3Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ See the brief overview for the First 100 Years project, ‘Postcards: a visual history of women in law’, available at https://first100years.org.uk/postcards-a-visual-history-of-women-in-law/ (accessed 18 January 2019). For a more detailed analysis of caricatures of women's suffrage and entry into professions but in the context of France see Chenut, H ‘Anti-feminist caricature in France: politics, satire and public opinion, 1890–1914’ (2012) 20(4) Modern & Contemporary France 437CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹¹ Many thanks to Neil Cobb at Manchester Law School for this information.

⁹² In relation to Oxford University, see R Pells ‘Oxford University unveils new portraits of women and ethnic minorities to “redress diversity”’ The Independent (30 March 2017), available at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/oxford-university-portraits-women-ethnic-minorities-dame-esther-rantzen-hilary-lister-ken-loach-a7657606.html (accessed 18 January 2019); in relation to Sheffield University: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/staff/portraits (accessed 18 January 2019); in relation to Edinburgh University: http://www.ed.ac.uk/equality-diversity/celebrating-diversity/inspiring-women/introduction (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁹³ Goodrich, above n 56, at 835.

⁹⁴ There are 13 large photographic portraits of 14 women which are the focus of the discussion here. The women portrayed are: Vera Baird, Elsie Edith Bowerman, Myrella Cohen, Lady Hale, Rose Heilbron, Shauneen Lamb, Doreen Lawrence, Cris McCurley, Helena Normanton, Pragna Patel, Gareth Peirce, Navi Pillay, Patricia Scotland and Penelope Warne. The portraits and biographies of the featured women can be found at www.iwlaw.uk (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁹⁵ National Union of Students, above n 52.

⁹⁶ You can see the speakers’ profiles at http://www.iwlaw.uk/about-the-event (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁹⁷ The portraits and launch were funded by the Catherine Cookson Foundation, Newcastle Institute for Social Renewal, digitalab, Squire Patton Boggs, Ward Hadaway, Newcastle University Gender Research Group, Newcastle University Vice-Chancellor, and Pro-Vice Chancellor for Teaching and Learning.

⁹⁸ This photograph is part of the Athena Project by photographer Leonora Saunders, whose work focuses on gender equality in professional and public life: see http://www.leonorasaunders.co.uk/ (accessed 18 January 2019).

⁹⁹ Moran, above n 14.

¹⁰⁰ For examples of cases where Australian, Canadian, and American women judges have been accused of bias see Graycar, R ‘The gender of judgments: some reflections on bias’ (1998) 32 UBCL Rev 1, esp at 5Google Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Rackley, E ‘Representations of the (woman) judge: Hercules, the little mermaid, and the vain and naked emperor’ (2006) 22 LS 602 at 619–622Google Scholar.

¹⁰² For example, see Hunter, McGlynn and Rackley, above n 6.

¹⁰³ Indeed, on a more general point, the accessibility of photography has been argued to make it an important tool for marginalised groups to use to participate in image production of their selves and lives; see for example Hooks, above n 15, pp 57–60.

¹⁰⁴ Moran, above n 14, at 302.

¹⁰⁵ Auchmuty, above n 1, at 19.

¹⁰⁶ Webb, J ‘The politics of equal opportunity’ (1997) 4 Gender, Work & Organization 159CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Radin, MJ ‘Market-inalienablity’ (1987) 100 Harv L Rev 1849 at 1884CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁸ Cobb, N and Godden-Rasul, N ‘Campus feminisms: a conversation with Jess Lishak, Women's Officer, University of Manchester Students’ Union, 2014–2016’ (2017) 25 FLS 229Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ The event was also part of Freedom City 2017, which celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the award to Dr Martin Luther King of an honorary law degree from Newcastle University. The women celebrated are Funke Abimbola, Diamond Ashiagbor, Chrissann Jarrett, Judy Khan, Usha Sood, Marcia Willis Stewart, and Keina Yoshida. For their biographies see http://www.iwlaw.uk/copy-of-the-exhibition (accessed 18 January 2019).

¹¹⁰ Auchmuty and Rackley, above n 1.