This case note focuses on two aspects of the January 2005 Strugar Judgment of the ICTY. The first is the trial chamber's finding that the accused was not aiding and abetting his subordinates in the commission of the crimes charged through his failure to discharge his duty to prevent the crimes and/or punish the perpetrators. The second is the trial chamber's definition of one of the alternative mental states a superior must possess before a conviction can be entered against him on the basis of Article 7(3).