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31 S. Stolton and N. Dudley, Company Reserves: Integrating Biological Reserves Owned and Managed by Commercial Companies into the Global Protected Areas Network: A Review of Options, WWF International White Paper, August 2007, at 5.

32 See, e.g., Environmental Law Institute, supra note 17, at 16, 21.

33 Ibid., at 15.

34 L. A. Vivanco, Green Encounters: Shaping and Contesting Environmentalism in Rural Costa Rica (2006), 60.

35 Stolton and Dudley, supra note 31, at 16–20.

36 Ibid. The legal form of this agreement involved a 2006 memorandum of agreement between the Botanical Society of South Africa, Anglo Base Metals, and the Department of Tourism, Environment & Conservation, Government of Namibia.

37 Ibid., at 19.

38 Conservation International, Press Release, ‘Conservation International and Equatorial Guinea Sign Agreement to Collaborate on Conservation’, April 2006, available at Conservation International, www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/042506_ci_equatorial_guinea_agreement.aspx.

39 T. E. Lovejoy, ‘Aid Debtor Nations’ Ecology’, New York Times, 4 October 1984, A31. On debt-for-nature swaps generally, see P. A. Sheikh, Debt-for-Nature Initiatives and the Tropical Forest Conservation Act: Status and Implementation (2010).

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50 For a more complete discussion of the case law on this point, see H. Collins, The Law of Contract (2003), Chapter 13.

51 Ibid., at 25.

52 P. Zumbansen, ‘The Law of Society: Governance through Contract’, Comparative Research in Law and Political Economy Research Paper 2/2007, i.

53 The term ‘classical’ contract law, as used here, refers to a body of rules formulated in Anglo-American legal contexts in the nineteenth century. An analysis of the degree to which modern contract law departs from these underlying assumptions for reasons of distributional fairness in different jurisdictions is beyond the scope of this article. Yet, the assumptions of freedom of contract and sanctity of contract continue to hold a dominant place in contract-law doctrine. The focus in this section on Anglo-American principles of contract law reflects the fact that US conservation organizations are the principal architects of transnational conservation contracts.

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72 See the discussion accompanying note 30, supra.

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