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The Maudsley Hospital: Design and Strategic Direction, 1923–1939

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2012

Edgar Jones ,
Shahina Rahman  and
Robin Woolven
Robin Woolven
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry and King's Centre for Military Research, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK
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Abstract

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Type
Articles
Information
Medical History , Volume 51 , Issue 3 , 01 July 2007 , pp. 357 - 378
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2007. Published by Cambridge University Press

References

1 Patricia Allderidge, ‘The foundation of the Maudsley Hospital’, in German E Berrios and Hugh Freeman (eds), 150 years of British psychiatry 1841–1991, London, Gaskell, 1991, pp. 79–88, p. 83.

2 F W Mott, ‘Preface’, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1918, 7: v–vi, on p. v; anon., ‘The opening of the Maudsley Hospital’, Lancet, 1923, i: 194.

3 Anon., ‘The London County Council Maudsley Hospital’, The Architect, 1923, 109: 426.

4 J M Bird, ‘The father of psychophysiology—Professor F L Golla and the Burden Neurological Institute’, in Hugh Freeman and German E Berrios (eds), 150 years of British psychiatry. Vol. II, The aftermath, London, Athlone, 1996, pp. 500–16, p. 501.

5 F L Golla, ‘The objective study of neurosis’, Lancet, 1921, ii: 115–22, 215–21, 265–70, 373–9.

6 London Metropolitan Archives (hereafter LMA), Published minutes of London County Council, 18 Feb. 1908, p. 282.

7 Ibid., item 2, p. 282.

8 Ibid.

9 The National Archives (hereafter NA), FD 1/244, Letter from Edwin Goodall to Sir Walter Fletcher, 3 Oct. 1932.

10 Alfred Meyer, ‘Frederick Mott, founder of the Maudsley Laboratories’, Br. J. Psychiatry, 1973, 122: 497–516, pp. 507, 508; E A Sharpey-Schafer and Rachel Davies, ‘Sir Frederick Walker Mott’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (hereafter ODNB), vol. 39, pp. 498–9; Rhodri Hayward, ‘Making psychiatry English: the Maudsley and the Munich model’, in Volker Roelcke and Paul Weindling (eds), Inspiration, co-operation, migration: British–American–German relations in psychiatry, 1870–1945, University of Rochester Press, in press.

11 F W Mott, ‘Preface’, Arch. Neurol., 1903, 2: vii–xiv, on p. xi.

12 F W Mott, ‘Preface’, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1914, 6: v–ix, on p. ix.

13 Hayward, op. cit., note 10 above.

14 F W Mott, ‘Preface’, Arch. Neurol., 1907, 3: iii–vii, on p. vi.

15 David Goldberg, ‘Obituary, Michael Shepherd (1923–1995)’, Psychol. Med., 1995, 25: 1109–11, on p. 1111.

16 Emil Kraepelin, Memoirs, Berlin, Springer, 1987. Speaking of his Munich clinic, Kraepelin wrote: “once, a couple of gentlemen from England came to see us; psychiatric clinics like ours did not exist in England at that time. They looked at everything in detail, but as I had heard from an English colleague, they later claimed that they had not seen anything special or different from other clinics. Otherwise, Englishmen rarely came to visit; amongst the more well-known colleagues, Clouston came to visit”, p. 136.

17 NA, FD 1/244, Letter from Edwin Goodall, medical superintendent of Cardiff Mental Hospital, to Sir Walter Fletcher, 3 Oct. 1932. According to Goodall, Kraepelin claimed German ancestry for Mott to account for his productive research.

18 T H Turner, ‘Henry Maudsley’, ODNB, vol. 37, pp. 409–10.

19 Allderidge, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 83–4.

20 LMA, Published minutes of the London County Council, 10 Mar. 1908, item 34, p. 797.

21 F W Mott, ‘Preface’, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1909, 4: iii–v, p. iii.

22 Mott, op. cit., note 11 above, p. xiii.

23 LMA, Published minutes of the London County Council, 25 Mar. 1908, item 33, p. 796.

24 Ibid., p. 797.

25 Ibid.

26 LMA, Report of the Asylums and Mental Deficiency Committee, 27 June 1922.

27 Royal Institute of British Architects Library, Kalendars and Nomination Papers Fellows 916–1920, Reel 14, William Charles Clifford Smith, p. 3; Antonia Brodie et al. (compilers), Directory of British Architects, 1834–1914, Vol. 2: L–Z, London, Continuum, 2001, p. 657.

28 Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives (hereafter BRHA), C/12/4, E Mapother, ‘Appeal for the endowment of an institute of psychiatry’, March 1931, p. 2.

29 NA, MH 95/32, A H Trevor and C Hubert Bond, ‘Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control’, 25 Oct. 1923, p. 2.

30 Henry Maudsley, ‘A mental hospital—its aims and uses’, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1909, 4: 1–12, p. 11.

31 Ibid., p. 9.

32 NA, MH 51/640, Report of the Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental Disorder, London, HMSO, 1926, p. 18.

33 William Eric Jackson, Achievement: a short history of the London County Council, London, Longmans, 1965, pp. 174, 293; E C R Hadfield and James E MacColl, Pilot guide to political London, London, Pilot Press, 1945, pp. 120–1.

34 Sir Gwilym Gibbon and Reginald W Bell, History of the London County Council 1889–1939, London, Macmillan, 1939, pp. 347, 359.

35 NA, MH 51/640, Report of the Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental Disorder, London, HMSO, 1926, Appendix XIII, p. 945.

36 Kathleen Jones, ‘Law and mental health: sticks or carrots?’ in Berrios and Freeman (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 81–102, pp. 95–6; Kathleen Jones, A history of the mental health services, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972, p. 226.

37 NA PIN 15/55, Letter from E Mapother to Col. A W Sheen, 29 Dec. 1919.

38 NA PIN 15/55, Letter from E Mapother to Col. A W Sheen, 17 Dec. 1919.

39 Ibid.

40 Henry R Rollin, ‘Psychiatry in Britain one hundred years ago’, Br. J. Psychiatry, 2003, 183: 292–98; Rhodri Hayward, ‘Edward Mapother’, ODNB, vol. 36, pp. 587–8.

41 BRHA, CB184, Case Book Females (1908), Mary Mapother, 25 Jan. 1908, p. 10.

42 BRHA, CB252, Case Book Females (1947), p. 44.

43 NA PIN 15/55, Letter from E Mapother to Col. A W Sheen, 17 Dec. 1919.

44 E Mapother, ‘The study of insanity’, New Statesman, 24 Feb. 1923.

45 LMA, Report of the Asylums and Mental Deficiency Committee, 27 June 1922.

46 LMA, Minute of the Asylums Committee, 11 Oct. 1921.

47 BRHA, C/12/4, E Mapother, ‘Appeal for the endowment of an institute of psychiatry’, March 1931, p. 3.

48 Jones, A history, op. cit., note 36 above, p. 235.

49 BRHA, C/12/4, E Mapother, ‘Appeal for the endowment of an institute of psychiatry’, March 1931, p. 1.

50 NA, MH 95/32, B T Hodgson and A Rotherham, Report, 16 Dec. 1924, p.2.

51 NA, MH 95/32, R Cunyngham Brown, Report, 27 June 1930, p. 1.

52 NA, MH 95/32, R Cunyngham Brown, Report, 28 Nov. 1928, p. 1.

53 NA, MH 95/32, S J Fraser Macleod and A Rotherham, Report, 2 Oct. 1931, p. 1.

54 NA, MH 95/32, I G H Wilson and N C Croft Cohen, Report, 18 May 1937, p. 1.

55 NA, MH 95/32, Letter from R H Curtis, 6 Oct. 1937, p. 2.

56 Ibid., p. 1.

57 NA, MH 95/32, Memo, C F Penton, 18 Oct. 1937.

58 NA, MH 95/32, A Lewis and F H M Calder, ‘A general report on the observation wards administered by the LCC’, Dec. 1938.

59 Ibid., pp. 15, 16.

60 NA, MH 95/32, Minute, 17 April 1939.

61 NA, MH 95/32, A H Trevor and C Hubert Bond, ‘Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control’, 25 Oct. 1923, p. 3.

62 LMA, Report of the Asylums and Mental Deficiency Committee, 27 June 1922.

63 Ibid.

64 NA, MH 95/32, A H Trevor and C Hubert Bond, ‘Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control’, 25 Oct. 1923, p. 3.

65 BRHA, C/12/4, E Mapother, ‘Appeal for the endowment of an institute of psychiatry’, March 1931, p. 9.

66 NA, MH 95/32, Memorandum from E Mapother to the sub-committee appointed to consider possible developments arising out of the Mental Treatment Act of 1930, p. 1.

67 Gibbon and Bell, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 360.

68 LMA, Report of the Asylums and Mental Deficiency Committee, 27 June 1922; ibid., 25 July 1922.

69 NA, MH 95/32, A H Trevor and C Hubert Bond, ‘Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control’, 25 Oct. 1923, p. 2.

70 Richard Mayou, ‘The history of general hospital psychiatry’, Br. J. Psychiatry, 1989, 155: 764–76, on p. 769.

71 Louise Westwood, ‘A quiet revolution in Brighton: Dr Helen Boyle's pioneering approach to mental health care, 1899–1939’, Soc. Hist. Med., 2001, 14: 439–57, on p. 449.

72 Hubert Bond, ‘The position of psychiatry and the role of general hospitals in its improvement’, J. Ment. Sci., 1915, 61: 1–17, on p. 16.

73 J G Porter Phillips, ‘The early treatment of mental disorder: a critical survey of out-patient clinics’, Lancet, 1923, ii: 871–4.

74 Edgar Jones and Simon Wessely, From shell shock to PTSD: military psychiatry from 1900 to the Gulf War, Hove, Psychology Press, 2005, p. 154.

75 NA, MH 95/32, A H Trevor and C Hubert Bond, ‘Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control’, 25 Oct. 1923, p. 2.

76 NA, MH 95/32, Memorandum from E Mapother to the sub-committee appointed to consider possible developments arising out of the Mental Treatment Act of 1930, p. 1.

77 Edgar Jones, ‘Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley’, in K Angel, E Jones and M Neve (eds), European psychiatry on the eve of war: Aubrey Lewis, the Maudsley Hospital and the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1930s, London, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2003, pp. 3–38, p. 23.

78 BRHA, C/12/4, E Mapother, `Appeal for the endowment of an institute of psychiatry', March 1931, p. 6.

79 NA, MH 95/32, Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control, 8 July 1932, p. 5.

80 LMA, Published minutes of the London County Council, 18 Feb. 1908, p. 282; Bond, op. cit., note 72 above.

81 NA, MH 58/224, F J Willis, Memorandum on the Report of Sir C Cobb's Committee, 6 Oct. 1922, p. 3; ‘Action by the Ministry of Health’, 1 Aug. 1922.

82 Adolf Meyer, ‘The contributions of psychiatry to the understanding of life problems’, [1921], in The collected papers of Adolf Meyer, vol. 4, p. 1, quoted in Jack D Pressman, Last resort: psychosurgery and the limits of medicine, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 18.

83 Andrew Scull, Madhouse: a tragic tale of megalomania and modern medicine, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2005, pp. 112–15.

84 ‘Notes and News’, J. Ment. Sci., 1923, 69: 552–9, on p. 558.

85 Ibid.

86 ‘Laboratory research in mental disease’, Lancet, 1925, 2: 232–3, p. 233.

87 Andrew Scull, ‘Focal sepsis and psychosis: the career of Thomas Chivers Graves, BSc, MD, FRCS, MRCVS (1883–1964)’, in Freeman and Berrios (eds), op. cit., note 4 above, pp. 517–36.

88 E Mapother, ‘Discussion on the prophylaxis of mental disorder’, Br. med. J., 1925, 2: 781–8, on p. 785.

89 NA, MH 95/32, A H Trevor and C Hubert Bond, ‘Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control’, 25 Oct. 1923, p. 4. F L Golla, ‘The functions of the Central Pathological Laboratory of the London County Mental Hospitals’, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1927, 9: 1–3.

90 BRHA, C/12/4, E Mapother, ‘Appeal for the endowment of an institute of psychiatry’, March 1931, pp. 1, 32.

91 Jones, op. cit., note 77 above, p. 20; Hayward, op. cit., note 10 above.

92 NA, FD 1/2411, E Mapother to Sir Walter Fletcher, 20 July 1932.

93 Rockefeller Archive (hereafter RA), 1.1 401A 19 255, Memo from D P O'Brien to Alan Gregg, 1 March 1938, p. 2.

94 Uwe Henrik Peters, ‘The emigration of German psychiatrists to Britain’, in Freeman and Berrios (eds), op. cit., note 4 above, pp. 565–80, p. 566.

95 Aubrey Lewis, ‘Henry Maudsley: his work and influence’, J. Ment. Sci., 1951, 97: 259–77, on p. 274.

96 Rockefeller Archive, 1.1 401A 19 253, Memo E Mapother to Alan Gregg, Jan. 1936, p. 1.

97 RA, 1.1 401A 19 255, Memo from D P O'Brien to Alan Gregg, 11 Mar. 1938.

98 Ibid.

99 Mott, op. cit., note 21 above, p. iii.

100 NA, MH 95/32, A H Trevor and C Hubert Bond, ‘Official visit on behalf of the Board of Control’, 25 Oct. 1923, p. 4.

101 S E Hague, ‘The Hospital today’, Bethlem and Maudsley Gazette, 1953, 1: 47–8; Henry Rollin, Festina lente: a psychiatric Odyssey, London, British Medical Journal, 1990, pp. 20–2.

102 BRHA, C/12/4, E Mapother, ‘Appeal for the endowment of an institute of psychiatry’, March 1931, p. 1.

103 RA, 1.1 401A 19 254, Memo from D P O'Brien to Alan Gregg, 12 Jan. 1938, p. 2.

104 RA, 1.1 401A 19 255, Memo from D P O'Brien to Alan Gregg, 11 Mar. 1938.

105 NA, MH 95/32, Memorandum from E Mapother to the sub-committee appointed to consider possible developments arising out of the Mental Treatment Act of 1930, p. 3.

106 RA, 1.1 401A 19 254, Memo from D P O'Brien to Alan Gregg, 12 Jan. 1938, p. 9.

107 Maarten Derksen, ‘Science in the clinic: clinical psychology at the Maudsley’, in G C Bunn, A D Lovie and G D Richards (eds), Psychology in Britain: historical essays and personal reflections, pp. 267–89, Leicester, BPS Books, 2001, p. 271.

108 Institute of Psychiatry, Report 1949–1950, p. 3, held in Institute of Psychiatry Library.

109 NA, MH95/32, W Rees Thomas and Ruth Darwin, Report, 29 Dec. 1938, p. 1.

110 NA, MH95/32, W Rees Thomas and C F Penton, Report, 12 Dec. 1946, p. 1.

111 ‘Voluntary mental patients’, Lancet, 1924, 2: 920.

112 Niall McCrae, ‘“A violent thunderstorm”: cardiazol treatment in British mental hospitals’, Hist. Psychiatry, 2006, 17: 67–90.

113 William Sargant, The unquiet mind, London, Heinemann, 1967, p. 53.

114 Ibid, pp. 52–3.

115 William Sargant and Eliot Slater, An introduction to physical methods of treatment in psychiatry, Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone, 1944, p. 1.

116 Ibid., p. 12.

117 Ibid., pp. 2, 12, 14.