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The role of Th-U minerals in assessing the performance of nuclear waste forms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

G. R. Lumpkin ,
Yan Gao ,
R. Gieré ,
C. T. Williams ,
A. N. Mariano  and
T. Geisler
G. R. Lumpkin*
Affiliation:
Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
Yan Gao
Affiliation:
Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
R. Gieré
Affiliation:
Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences Geochemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23-B, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
C. T. Williams
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
A. N. Mariano
Affiliation:
48 Page Brook Road, Carlisle, MA 10741, Massachusetts, USA
T. Geisler
Affiliation:
Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53012, Germany
*
** E-mail: grl@ansto.gov.au
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Abstract

Materials designed for nuclear waste disposal include a range of ceramics, glass ceramics and glass waste forms. Those with crystalline phases have provided the momentum for studies of minerals as a means to understand aspects of waste-form crystal chemistry, behaviour in aqueous systems and radiation damage over geological periods of time. Although the utility of natural analogue studies varies, depending upon the degree of analogy to the proposed geological repository and other factors such as chemical composition, the available data suggest that Th-U host phases such as brannerite, monazite, pyrochlore, zircon and zirconolite are resistant generally to dissolution in aqueous fluids at low temperatures. Geochemical durability may or may not extend to hydrothermal systems depending on the specifics of fluid composition, temperature and pressure. At elevated temperatures, for example, davidite may break down to new phase assemblages including titanite, ilmenite and rutile. Perovskite is generally less resistant to dissolution at low temperatures and breaks down to TiO2, releasing A-site cations to the aqueous fluid. Studies of radiation damage indicate that the oxide and silicate phases become amorphous as a result of the gradual accumulation of alpha-recoil collision cascades. Monazite tends to remain crystalline on geological time scales, a very attractive property that potentially eliminates major changes in physical properties such as density and volume, thereby reducing the potential for cracking, which is a major concern for zircon. In spite of recent success in describing the behaviour of Th-U minerals in geological systems, considerable work remains in order to understand the P-T-X conditions during alteration and T-t history of the host rocks.

Keywords

actinidesbranneritecarbonatitedaviditegranitic pegmatitehydrothermal veinsmonazitenuclear wasteperovskitepyrochlorethoriumuraniumzirconzirconolite
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 78 , Issue 5 , October 2014 , pp. 1071 - 1095
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2014

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