Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T01:22:43.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Extract

In the West it is commonplace to regard sport as either an extracurricular form of leisure, or else as a business enterprise. Games and contests of all kinds are a form of distraction; and for some a very lucrative form at that (Smith 1978). Almost by definition sports direct our attention away from ‘real life’ to some form of fantasy world where there is high drama but little by way of the material or ideological substance of productive, pragmatic and ‘rational’ labor (cf. Rojek 1985; Simon 1985). Hand in hand with such a notion of marginal utility goes a folk attitude that sport is meaningless by virtue of its being purely and simply fun, as though pleasure and purpose are somehow antithetical.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alter, Joseph S 1992a. The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Alter, Joseph S 1992b. ‘The Sannyasi and the Indian Wrestler: The Anatomy ofa Relationship.’ American Ethnologist.Google Scholar
Alter, Joseph S 1992c. ‘Hanuman and the Moral Physique of the Banarsi Wrestler.’ In Hartel, Bradley and Ann, Cynthia Humes, eds, Living Banaras. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Alter, Joseph S forthcoming. ‘Kinesthetics, Celibacy and the Poetics of Balance in North Indian Wrestling.’ In Davis, Michael G, ed., Martial Arts Outside of East Asia [Provisional Title]. Washington D.C.: Monograph Series of the Central States Anthropological Association.Google Scholar
Alter, Joseph S manuscript. ‘The Body of One Color: Indian Wrestling, the Indian State, and Utopian Somatics.’Google Scholar
Andersen, Walter K and Damle, Sharidhar D.. 1987. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Boulder and London: Wesrview Press.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. 1987. ‘On Ritual and Discipline in Medieval Christian Monasticism.’ Economy and Society 16: 159203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashby, Philip H 1974. Modern Trends in Hinduism. New York and London: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Atreya, Shanti Prakash. 1972., ‘Malla Shiromani, Sri Krishna.’ Bharatiya Kushti 9, nos 10, 11, 12: 3157.Google Scholar
Atreya, Shanti Prakash. 1974a. ‘Pahalwani me Dand Bethak Vyayam ka Sthan.’ Bharatiya Kushti 11, nos 7, 8, 9: 21–6.Google Scholar
Atreya, Shanti Prakash. 1974b. ‘Pahalwani me Dand Bethak Vyayam ka Sthan.’ Bharatiya Kushti 11, nos 10, 11, 12: 1927.Google Scholar
Atreya, Shanti Prakash. 1982. ‘Pahalwani Kala ki Niti.’ Bharatiya Kushti 19, nos 1, 2, 3: 2737.Google Scholar
Atreya, Shanti Prakash. 1985. ‘Pahalwani mejor Karne Karane ki Niti.’ Bharatiya Kushti 2, no. 4: 2349.Google Scholar
Baxter, C. 1966. ‘The Jana Sangh: A Brief History,’ in Smith, D. ed. South Asian Politics and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bayly, C. 1985. ‘The Pre-history of “Communalism”? Religious Conflict in India, 1700–1860’, Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 2: 177203.Google Scholar
Bernett, H. 1966. Nationalsozalistische Leibeserziehung. Schorndorf bei Stuttgart: Verlag Karl Hofmann.Google Scholar
Carter, John Marshall 1984. ‘Muscular Christianity and its Makers: Sporting Monks and Churchmen in Anglo-Norman Society.’ The British Journal of Sports History 1, no 2: 109–24.Google Scholar
Chandra, Bipin, 1984. Communalism in Modern India. New Delhi: Vikas.Google Scholar
Cantelon, H. and Gruneau, R. (eds). 1982. Sport, Culture and the Modern State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Das, Veena 1968. ‘A Sociological Approach to the Caste Puranas.’ Sociological Bulletin 17, no. 2 141–64.Google Scholar
Dixit, Prabha. 1986. ‘The Ideology of Hindu Nationalism.’ In Pantham, Thomas and Deutsch, Kenneth L (eds). Political Thought in Modern India. New Delhi, Beverly Hills and London: Sage.Google Scholar
Dwivedi, Bhushan ’,. 1972a. ‘Goshala.’ Bharatiya Kushti 9, nos 7, 8, 9: 49.Google Scholar
Dwivedi, Bhushan ’,. 1972b. ‘Goshala.’ Bharatya Kushti 9, nos 10, 11, 12: 29.Google Scholar
Dwivedi, Bhushan ’,. 19721973. ‘GoshalaBharatya Kushti 10, nos 4, 5, 6: 33.Google Scholar
Dwivedi, Bhushan ’,. 1973. ‘Goshala.’ Bharatya Kushti 10, nos 7, 8, 9: 19.Google Scholar
Embree, Ainslie T 1990. Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in Modern India. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard G 1989. Gandhian Utopia: Experiments with Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Freitag, Sandria. 1980. ‘Sacred Symbols as Mobilizing Ideology: The North Indian Search for a “Hindu Community”.’ Comparative Studies in Society and History: 597625.Google Scholar
Golwalkar, M. S 1966. Bunch of Thoughts. Bangalore: Vikrama Prakashan Chamarajpet.Google Scholar
Gupta, Chetram. 1974. ‘Om, Arogya Anandam.’ Bharatiya Kushti 11 nos 10, 11, 12: 41–2.Google Scholar
Guttmann, A. 1978. From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sport. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, Jennifer (ed.). 1982. Sport, Culture and Ideology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, John. 1986. Sport, Power and Culture. New York: Saint Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Harsha, A. 1982. Development of Physical Education in Madras, 1918–1948. Madras: The Christian Literature Society.Google Scholar
Hay, Stephen (ed.). 1988. Sources of Indian Tradition, Second Edition, Volume 2: Modern India and Pakistan. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hoberman, J. M 1984. Sport and Political Ideology. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
India Today. 1987. ‘Danger Signals.’ June 15.Google Scholar
India Today. 1990. ‘Drawing the Battlelines.’ November 15.Google Scholar
India Today. 1990. ‘An Election Gamble.’ November 15.Google Scholar
India Today. 1990. ‘Exploiting the Issue.’ December 31.Google Scholar
India Today. 1991. ‘Bharatiya Janata Party: Aiming High.’ May 15.Google Scholar
Kesriya, Ramchandar. 1985. ‘Hinduo me Vishwa Star ke Pahalwan Kam Kyo Huwe? Bata Rahe Hai Dr. Atreya.’ Bharatiya Kushti 22, no. 1: 63–6.Google Scholar
Lal, Mohan. n.d. Lathi shiksha. Delhi: Dehati Pustak Bhandar.Google Scholar
Lipsky, R. 1981. How We Play the Game: Why Sports Dominate American Life. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, Owen M 1990. Divine Passions. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Majumdar, D. C 1950. Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture. Baroda: Good Companions.Google Scholar
Mangan, J. A 1984. ‘Christ and the Imperial Games Field: Evangelical Athletes of the Empire.’ The British Journal of Sports History 1, no. 2: 184201.Google Scholar
Marinetti, F. 1972. Selected Writings. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.Google Scholar
Mathur, R. W 1933. Saral Vyayam (Balako ke Liye). Banaras: Municipal Board.Google Scholar
Mookerji, Radha Kumud. 1957. Nationalism in Hindu Culture. Delhi, Jullundur and Lucknow: S. Chand and Co.Google Scholar
Osborn, R. 1938. The Psychology of Reaction. London: Victor Gollancz.Google Scholar
Patel, Baijnath. 1985. ‘Siwni me Panch Lakh ki Vyayamshala Ban Rahi Hai.’ Bharatiya Kushti 22, no. 4: 6971.Google Scholar
Patodi, Ratan. 1974. ‘Janta ka Raj Nahi, Rakshas ka Raj hai.’ Bharatiya Kushti 11, nos 7, 8, 9: 15.Google Scholar
Patodi, Ratan. (ed.) 1984. Gama Ank. Bharatiya Kushti 21, no. 1.Google Scholar
Purohit, B. R. 1965. Hindu Revivalism and Indian Nationalism. Sagar: Sathi Prakashan.Google Scholar
Raghavan, V. 1979. Festivals, Sports and Pastimes of India. Ahmedabad: B. J. Institute of Learning Research.Google Scholar
Rai, Indrasan. 1984. ‘Prachin Bharat me Mallavidya.’ Ph.D. dissertation, Banaras Hindu University.Google Scholar
Riordan, J. 1977. Sport and Soviet Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rojek, C. 1985. Capitalism and Leisure Theory. New York: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Salam, Abdus. 1895. Physical Education in India. Calcutta: W. Newman and Co.Google Scholar
Sandesara, B. J and Mehta, R. N (eds). 1964. Mallapurana. Baroda: Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Savarkar, Vinayak, D. 1949. Hindutva, 4th edition. Poona: S. P. Gokhale.Google Scholar
Seshadri, H. V 1984. Hindu Renaissance under Way. Bangalore: Jagarana Prakashana.Google Scholar
Simon, R. 1985. Sports and Social Values. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Singh, Harphool. 1981. Adhunik Mallayudha. Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books.Google Scholar
Singh, Harphool. 1984a. Pahalwan Kese Bane. Delhi: Arvind Prakashan.Google Scholar
Singh, Harphool. 1984b. Free-Style Kushti. Delhi: Arvind Prakashan.Google Scholar
Smith, R. A 1978. The Saga of American Sports. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Srigondekar, G. K (ed.). 1959. Manasollasa. Baroda: Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Tilak, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar. 1935. The Gita-rahasya. Translated by Sukthankar, B. S. Bombay.Google Scholar
Van der Veer, Peter. 1987. ‘“God must be Liberated!” A Hindu Liberation Movement in Ayodhya.’ Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 2: 283301.Google Scholar
Yang, Anand. 1980. ‘Sacred Symbol and Sacred Space in Rural India: Community Mobilization in the “Anti-Cow Killing” Riot of 1893’. Comparative Studies in Society and History: 576–96.Google Scholar