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J.S. MILL'S PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: PUBLICATION AND RECEPTION
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 January 2015
Abstract
This essay explores the publication and reception of John Stuart Mill's Principles of Political Economy in late imperial Russia. First published during the era of the Great Reform, Mill's Principles was discussed within the context of the Russian debate on capitalism and land reform. It became popular not only among economists and university students but also the intelligentsia who dominated the debate on capitalism in Russia until the last decade of the century. In reading the Principles, they focused primarily on Mill's discussion of social questions and the ethics of capitalism rather than on the theoretical subjects of economics. In Russia, as in England, the reception of Mill's ideas was not uniform, reflecting the readers’ diverging political views and assumptions. In Russia, however, the tendency towards selective reading was more pronounced and the labels attached to Mill were more extreme.
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References
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125 Chernyshevskii, PSS, 310.
126 Rossel’, “Dzhon Stuart Mill' i ego shkola: Stat’ia deviataia,” 688.
127 Bunge, Ocherki, 352, 365.
128 N. Sokolov, “Mill',” 52.
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133 N.I., “Vozrazheniia,” 104.
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137 Vladislavlev, “Dzhon Stuart Mill’,” 126–7.
138 N.M. “Obzor Politicheskoi ekonomii i Avtobiografii Millia,” 167, 179.
139 , E.V., “Zhizn’ Dzh. Stuarta Millia,” Severnyi Vestnik, 5 (1889), 73–101, at 79Google Scholar; Vladislavlev, “Dzhon Stuart Mill’,” 134–5.
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142 Miklashevskii, “Dzhon Stuart Mill’,” xxix.
143 Mikhailovskii, Sochineniia, 552. Similar assessment was made by Miklashevskii. He wrote that many of Mill's arguments are “very contentious, but they present wonderful material for discussion.” See Miklashevskii, “Dzhon Stuart Mill’,” xliv.
144 Bunge, Ocherki, 312–13. In 1906, Tugan-Baranovskii gave further testimony to the continued popularity of the Principles in Russia. Even today, he wrote, “The Principles of Political Economy remains classic, perhaps the most widely read manual on economics.” See Tugan-Baranovskii, “Dvizhenie,” 196.
145 See Walicki, A History of Russian Thought, 139; Eaton, Henry, “Marx and the Russians,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 41/1 (1980), 89–112, at 90 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 111; Sheptun, “The German Historical School,” 361.
146 Quoted in Engel, Barbara Alpern, Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, 1983), 116 Google Scholar. Ironically, Marx's book passed censorship because the censor judged it purely “scientific, heavy and difficult to understand.” See Eaton, “Marx and the Russians,” 100.
147 Engel, Mothers and Daughters, 116. Vera Figner, another feminist and revolutionary (unrelated to the group), read Mill and Marx in the same order. In 1883, she wrote to her sister, who was also interested in political economy, that if she still found Mill too difficult, she might begin with Ivaniukov's textbook Obzor sovremennykh uchenii o politicheskoi ekonomii and then proceed to Mill and Marx. Interestingly, this letter was written from prison, but still allowed by prison censors. See Figner, Vera, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 6 (Moscow, 1932), 90 Google Scholar.
148 Rozhdestvenskii, O znachenii, 7, 9; Vladislavlev, “Dzhon Stuart Mill’,” 150; N.M., “Obzor,” 167; Rossel’, “Dzhon Stuart Mill’: Stat’ia pervaia,” 8–9; Miklashevskii, “Dzhon Stuart Mill’,” xi.
149 See Eaton, “Marx and the Russians,” 105, 108, 110.
150 In Russia the doctrine of laissez-faire was not perceived as a unified philosophy. Many liberal and Marxist economists supported free trade because in their view protectionism came at the expense of the peasantry, who were forced to pay higher taxes and buy domestic goods that cost more than the corresponding imported goods. However, the same economists favored government regulation to improve the conditions of the laboring classes. On liberal economists see Fedyashin, Liberals under Autocracy, 132–3, 168–170, 188–9; Owen, Thomas C., Capitalism and Politics in Russia: A Social History of the Moscow Merchants, 1855–1905 (Cambridge, 1981), 58–9Google Scholar. Chicherin was one of the few liberals who supported the free-market doctrine in its classical form. However, in his Property and State he made no mention of Mill's laissez-faire apparently because he viewed Mill as a socialist rather than classical economist.