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The Salt and Paper Battery; Ultrafast and All-polymer Based

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Gustav Nyström ,
Aamir Razaq ,
Albert Mihranyan ,
Leif Nyholm  and
Maria Strømme
Gustav Nyström
Affiliation:
gustav.nystrom@angstrom.uu.se
Aamir Razaq
Affiliation:
Aamir.Razaq@Angstrom.uu.se, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Albert Mihranyan
Affiliation:
Albert.Mihranyan@angstrom.uu.se, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Leif Nyholm
Affiliation:
leif.nyholm@mkem.uu.se, Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Maria Strømme
Affiliation:
Maria.Stromme@Angstrom.uu.se, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract

We have recently developed a flexible battery using two common, inexpensive ingredients: cellulose and salt. This lightweight, rechargeable battery uses thin pieces of paper—originating from cellulose fibers from the environmentally polluting Cladophora sp.algae—as electrodes, while a solution of sodium chloride acts as the electrolyte. Conducting polymers for battery applications have been subject to numerous investigations during the last decades. However, the functional charging rates and the cycling stabilities have so far been found to be insufficient for practical applications. These shortcomings can, at least partially, be explained by the fact that thick layers of the conducting polymers have been used to obtain sufficient capacities of the batteries. We now introduce a novel nanostructured high-surface area electrode material for energy storage applications composed of cellulose fibers of algal origin individually coated with a 50 nm thin layer of polypyrrole. Our results show the hitherto highest reported charge capacities and charging rates for an all polymer paper-based battery. The composite conductive paper material is shown to have a specific surface area of 80 m2/g and batteries based on this material can be charged with currents as high as 600 mA/cm2. The aqueous-based batteries, which are entirely based on cellulose and polypyrrole and exhibit charge capacities between 25 and 33 mAh/g or 38-50 mAh/g per weight of the active material, open up new possibilities for the production of environmentally friendly, cost efficient, up-scalable and lightweight energy storage systems.

Keywords

energy storagenanostructurepolymer
Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 1197: Symposium D – Organic Materials for Printable Thin-Film Electronic Devices , 2009 , 1197-D07-47
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2010

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