Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T08:22:54.540Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Fact-finding: its Place in International Law and International Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2009

J. H. Leurdijk
Affiliation:
Research Fellow at the Seminarium voor Volkerrecht en Internationale Betrekkingen of theUniversity of Amsterdam
Get access

Extract

The events in this world consist of a rather confused complex of facts, opinions and comments, in which truth and falsehood can hardly be distinguished. Factual information is, however, a prerequisite for an impartial and frank appreciation of these matters. It is above all in international politics that opposed versions of the facts often make a clear view of the situation impossible.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1967

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Gotlieb, Allan, Disarmament and International Law. A Study of the rôle of Law in the disarmament process. Toronto, Canada, 1964.Google Scholar An extensive survey of arms-control can be found in: Young, Wayland (ed.): Existing Mechanisms of Arms Control; Pergamon Press Ltd., London, New York 1966.Google Scholar

2 Politis, “Les commissions internationales d'enquête,” Revue Générale de Droit International Public, Tome XIX, 1912, p. 149.Google Scholar

3 Hudson, Manley O., “Visits by international tribunals to places concerned in Proceedings”, American Journal of International Law (A.J.I.L.), Vol. 31, 1937, p. 697.Google Scholar

4 International Court of Justice, Reports 1965, p. 9.Google Scholar

5 Op. cit. White, Gillian M., The Use of Experts by International Tribunals, Syracuse University Press, 1965, p. 109/110.Google Scholar

6 White, G. M., p. 104, p. 128.Google Scholar

7 Oort, H., Bewijs vom de Internationale Rechter, Leiden 1966, p. 197/198.Google Scholar

8 White, G. M., p. 83.Google Scholar

9 Hudson, Manley O., “Visits by international tribunals to places concerned in Proceedings”, A.J.I.L., Vol. 31, 1937, p. 697.Google Scholar

10 The Hague Court Reports, edited with an introduction by Scott, James Brown. New York, Oxford University Press, 1916, p. 121.Google Scholar

11 Commentary on the draft Convention on Arbitral Procedure, United Nations Document A/CN 4/92, New York 1955.

12 E. A. Landy, The effectiveness of International Supervision. London 1966, p. 199. See also: Ernst B. Haas, Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organisation, Stanford U.P. 1964.

13 Bulletin Officiel, Vol. XLVGoogle Scholar, no. a, Supplément II, Avril 1962, Rapport de la Commission instituée en vertu de l'article 26 de la Constitution de l'Organisation internationale du Travail pour examiner la plainte déposée par le gouvernement du Ghana au sujet de l'observation par le gouvernement du Portugal de la convention (no. 105) sur l'abolition du travail forcé, 1957, p. 22.Google Scholar

14 Bulletin Officiel, Vol. XLVI, no. 2, Supplément II, 04 1963Google Scholar, Rapport de la Commission instituée en vertu de l'article 26 de la Constitution de l'Organisation internationale du Travail pour examiner la plainte déposée par le gouvernement du Portugal au sujet de l'observation par le gouvernement du Libéria de la convention (no. 29) sur le travail forcé, 1930. Prof MrVan Asbeck, F. M. Baron: “Nieuwe Proeven in de beslechting van statengeschillen”, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Intemationaal Recht, 04 1964, p. 123.Google Scholar See also: Vigné, Daniel: “Procédures Internationales d'enquête”, Annuaire Françias de Droit International, Vol. IX (1963) p. 438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar This article is a critical review of the content and application of art. 26 of the ILO constitution.

15 Merle, Marcel, “Le Controle exercé par les organisations internationales sur les activités des états membres”. Annuaire Français de Droit International, Vol. V, 1959, p. 413.Google Scholar

16 Art. 19 (5, 6) ILO; art. 4 (4) UNESCO; art. 14(4) FAO; art. 62 and 63 WHO; art. 15 ICAO. In virtue of these articles the member states have to submit the ratified conventions to the competent national bodies and communicate this to the organization.

17 Art. 22 ILO; art. 8 UNESCO; art 11 FAO; art. 61 and 64 WHO. In virtue of these articles the member states have to present a periodic, most often yearly, report on the measures they have taken to promote the objectives of the organization or on the progress made in this field.

18 Kopelmanas, Lazare, “Le Contrôle International”, Receuil des Cours, 1950–II, p. 68.Google Scholar

19 Quoted by Morray, Joseph P.: From Yalta to Disarmament: Cold war Debate, New York 1961.Google ScholarUnited Nations Atomic Energy Commission. Official Records (06 14th, 1946).Google Scholar

20 Eschauzier, H. F., “Het controlestelsel van de Internationale Organisatie voor Atoomenergie (I.A.E.A.) te Wenen,” Internationale Spectator, 22 mei 1964, p. 254.Google Scholar

Eschauzier, H. F., “Waarborgen tegen het niet-vreedzame gebruik van kernenergie”, Internationale Spectator, 8 11 1965.Google Scholar Since the first bilateral treaty with Turkey in July 1955 the U.S. have concluded treaties with some 40 countries for the supply of fissionable material; the safeguard provisions are given effect to by more than 500 inspections in 27 countries.

See: Simsarian, James: “Inspection Experience under the Antarctic Treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency”, in A.J.I.L., Vol. 60, 1966, p. 503.Google Scholar

21 This I.A.E.A.-inspection is now applicable to 16 bilateral agreements: 13 of the United States with other countries, 2 of the United Kingdom and the Canadian-Japanese agreement of September 1965. See: Willrich, Mason, “Safeguarding Atoms for Peace”. A.J.I.L., Vol. 60, 1966, p. 53.Google Scholar

22 Annual Report of the Board of Governors to the General Conference, 1 07 1965Google Scholar —30 June 1966 (G.C. (X)/330). According to this report the number of Safeguards agreements approved by the Board of Governors was 29, 17 of which were applicable to the bilateral transfer agreements, 2 to nuclear reactors opened respectively by the U.S. and the U.K. to I.A.E.A. inspection, and 10 to project agreements supported by the I.A.E.A.

Bilateral agreements between the U.S. and Euratom on nuclear materials contain an unique form of self-control: the U.S. trusts that the Euratom inspection system provides adequate guarantees for the observance of the agreement on which, as a result, no control is exercised by the U.S. or the I.A.E.A.

23 Landy, E. A., The Effectiveness of International Supervision, London, 1966, p. 159.Google Scholar

24 Simsarian, James: “Inspection Experience under the Antarctic Treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency;A.J.I.L., Vol. 60, 1966, p. 508.Google Scholar

24 See: Gotlieb, Allan: Disarmament and International Law, p. 135136.Google Scholar

26 Text in: The Hague Court Reports, edited with an introduction by Scott, James Brown. New York, Oxford University Press, 1916.Google Scholar

27 Lammasch, H., Die Lehre von der Schiedsgerichtbarkeit in ihrem ganzen Umfange, 1914, p. 230.Google Scholar

28 The Hague Court Reports, p. 404.Google Scholar

29 The Hague Court Reports, p. 417.Google Scholar

30 Convention d'Enquête, protocols des séances et rapport de la commission d'enquête, constituée en vertu de la convention d'enquête, signée le 30 mars 1921 entre l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas: Perte du vapeur Néerlandais “Tubantia”. La Haye, 1922.Google Scholar

31 Chr. Lange, L., The American Peace Treaties:Google Scholar Full Texts of Treaties with an Introduction and a Commentary, Kristiana, 1915. Here we already find the idea of an “international council of enquiry”.

32 See also: Hill, Norman L.: “International Commissions of Inquiry and Conciliation”. International Conciliation, no. 278, 03 1932.Google Scholar

33 Kerly, Ernest L., “The Powers of Investigation of the United Nations Security Council”; A.J.I.L., Vol. 55, 1961, p. 892.Google Scholar

34 Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, 19461951, p. 388.Google Scholar

35 Claude, Inis L., “The O.A.S., the United Nations and the United States”; International Conciliation, nr. 547, 03 1964.Google Scholar

36 Security Council Official Records, Second Year, Special Supplement no. 2. Report to the Security Council by the Commission of Investigation concerning Greek Frontier Incidents.

37 Security Council Official Records, Third Year, Supplements for 11 1948Google Scholar and for January 1949; Fourth Year, Special Supplement no. 7.

38 Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, 19461951, p. 306.Google ScholarRepertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, 19591963, p. 155.Google Scholar

39 Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, 19461951, p. 313.Google Scholar

40 Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, 19461951, p. 203.Google Scholar

41 “Een Hoge Raad van Constatering”, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Internationaal Recht, 1959, p. 344. An extensive survey is to be found in: MrSchurmann, C. V. A.: A Center for International Fact-Finding: A Review and a Proposal. School of International Affairs, Columbia University, 07 1963.Google Scholar

42 De Zeventiende Algemene Vergadering van de Verenigde Naties (September/ december 1962), van Buitenlandse Zaken, Ministerio, nr. 75, p. 318/319.Google Scholar

43 Report of the Secretary-General on methods of fact-finding. Doc. A/5694, May 1, 1964; Methods of fact-finding with respect to the execution of international agreements, Doc. A/6228, April 22, 1966.

44 White, Gillian M., The use of experts by international tribunals, Syracuse University Press, 1965, p. 164.Google Scholar

45 Timsit, Gérard, “Le Fonctionnement de la Procedure d'enquête dans l'affaire du ‘Red Crusader’”: Annuaire Français de Droit International, Vol. IX 1963, p. 460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Report of the Commission of Enquiry. Investigation of certain incidents affecting the British trawler “Red Crusader”, 03 1962Google Scholar, The Hague.

46 A-6373, 9 August 1966.