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Postscript on Credibility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Abstract

The article considers some of the factors relevant to the question of the credibility of Christian faith. It argues that atheism is a product of a certain kind of Western Christianity: when you exceed the boundaries of what can be said about God and create “religion”, at the same time you create the conditions for disbelief in that religion. Nietzsche is a point of reference for various aspects of the question which centres on the status of “God” in relation to religious narratives that have lost power. How might Christians conduct themselves in the “Courtyard of the Gentiles” that Pope Benedict proposes?

Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 The Author. New Blackfriars © 2013 The Dominican Council.

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References

1 Lubac, H. De, Theology in History (Ignatius Press, 1996), p. 232Google Scholar. Discussed in McDade, J., “Epilogue: Ressourcement in Retrospect” in Ressourcement: A Movement for Renewal in Twentieth-Century Catholic Theology, ed. by Flynn, G. & Murray, P. D. (OUP, 2012), pp. 508–22Google Scholar.

2 “All great things bring about their own destruction through an act of self-overcoming (Selbstaufhebung)… After Christian truthfulness has drawn one inference after another, it must end by drawing its most striking inference, its inference against itself…”, Nietzsche, F., Genealogy of Morals III, 27 in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, trans. & ed. by Kaufmann, W. (Modern Library, 1968), p. 597Google Scholar.

3 F. Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy, 10 in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, trans. & ed. by Kaufmann, W. (Modern Library, 1968), p. 75Google Scholar.

4 The letters between Karl Barth and Adolf von Harnack on historical inquiry and theological truth is a classic point of reference: Rumscheidt, M., Revelation and Theology : an Analysis of the Barth-Harnack Correspondence of 1923 (CUP, 1972)Google Scholar.

5 It is interesting that this is a view primarily of “religion”, characterised in the most general terms as though there is one single genus, religion, within which there are various instances; it is not actually a rejection of God and Jesus Christ in reflective terms.

6 Casanova, J.,”The Secular and Secularisms”, Social Research 76 (2009), pp. 1049–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar, quoting the 1998 International Social Survey.

7 Nietzsche, F., Beyond Good and Evil, 58 in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, trans. & ed. by Kaufmann, W. (Modern Library, 1968), pp. 259–60Google Scholar.

8 G. Davie, Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without Belonging (Blackwell, 1994); D. Voas & A. Crockett, “Religion in Britain: Neither Believing nor Belonging”, Sociology 39 (2005), pp. 11–28. On the Scandinavian model of “belonging without believing”, see. Davie, G., “From Obligation to ConsumptionPolitical Theology 6 (2005), pp. 281301CrossRefGoogle Scholar. But things are moving fast: Zieberth, H-G. & Riegel, U, “Europe: A Post-secular Society?”, International Journal of Practical Theology 13 (2009), pp. 293308Google Scholar; G Bosetti & K.Eder, “Post-secularism: A Return to the Public Sphere”, www.eurozine.com

9 “Modern atheism has put theology in a difficult position. Of particular importance here is mass atheism, a phenomenon unparalleled in past history; it regards the practical, if not theoretical denial of God or at least indifference to belief in God as being by far the most plausible attitude to take. As a result, theology has been stripped of its power to speak to people and communicate with them. There are now no generally accepted images, symbols, concepts and categories with which it can make itself understood. This crisis arises from the loss of the presuppositions which faith needs if it is to be possible as faith.” (W. Kasper, The God of Jesus Christ, (Crossroad, 1984), p. 41.

10 In many ways, a fusion of Platonism and Stoicism provided the assumptions of European life until fairly recently, forming a pre-evangelisation consonant with what the gospel offered. We no longer have such a portal. Attempts to suggest that postmodernism offers a similar preparatory mise-en scène are unconvincing.

11 Carlo Martini's dialogue with Umberto Eco on the topic of “hope” is a model of modern engagement with non-believers: Martini, C. & Eco, U., Belief or NonBelief?: A Confrontation (Continuum, 2000)Google ScholarPubMed.

12 Nietzsche, F., Writings from the Late Notebooks (CUP, 2003), p. 224Google Scholar.

13 Matthew Arnold, “Stanzas from La Grande Chartreuse”.

14 Pope Benedict XVI (21 December, 2009).

15 R. C. Selby, The Principle of Reserve in the Writings of John Henry Newman (OUP, 1975).

16 Simone Weil, discussed superbly by Williams, R., “Simone Weil and the Necessary Non-existence of God” in Wrestling with Angels (Eerdmans, 2007), 203ffGoogle Scholar.

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20 The second mistake is to treat “religion” as a univocal rather than an analogous term and to treat religions as individual examples of the genus “religion”, as though religion were one thing. ‘The word [religion] takes its modern meaning at the intersection of the encounter between Christianity and what came to be called “other religions,” and between Christianity and the antitraditional and naturalistic impulses of modernity.' (Roberts, T.T., Contesting Spirit: Nietzsche, Affirmation, Religion (Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 6Google Scholar.

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23 Nietzsche, The Gay Science, pp. 125, 119–20. That they do not recognise what they have done is an ironic echo of Peter's words to the Jews of Jerusalem, “You killed the author of life… but you acted in ignorance” (Acts 3. 15–7).

24 Mulhall, S., Philosophical Myths of the Fall (Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

25 Pippin, R., “Nietzsche and the Melancholy of Modernity, Social Research 66 (1999), pp. 495520, 499Google Scholar.

26 But see the dignified narrative of “lithogenesis” that Hugh MacDiarmid presents in “On a Raised Beach” with its parodic inversion of “moving the stone” in atheistically accepting death, in Selected Poems (Penguin, 1974), p. 178ffGoogle Scholar.

27 Quoted in Tobin, D., Passage to the Center: Imagination and the Sacred in the Poetry of Seamus Heaney (University Press of Kentucky, 1999), p. 5Google Scholar.

28 Others too present a memory of what God once was to us. Two quotations to ponder: the first is from Julian Barnes: “I don't believe in God, but I miss him”. The second is Beckett's, “He doesn't exist, the bastard!” The traces of the divine are glimpsed by Barnes elegiacally, by Beckett angrily and aggressively: two sides of the unbelieving coin bearing the imprint of loss and pain.

29 Heaney, S., New Selected Poems 1966–1987 (Faber and Faber, 1990), pp. 206 & 240Google Scholar. Philip Larkin's “Church Going” is strangely more positive about the continuity of religious feeling across the generations than Heaney who draws a fixed line between the two ages he straddles. Heaney's grasp is more acute perhaps because he knew better than Larkin how Christian vision made mystics out of ordinary Irish Catholics like him.

30 Stern, J. B., “Nietzsche and the Idea of Metaphor” in Nietzsche: Imagery and Thought, ed. by Pasley, M. (Methuen, 1978), pp. 6482Google Scholar; 68.

31 The IVth Lateran Council (1215) laid down the principle that there is no similarity between God and creature without an even greater dissimilarity.