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Femme Fatale as Scapegoat: the Modernity of Aimée Desclée

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 January 2009

Abstract

A scandalously successful life as an actress and a tragically early death seemed to cast Aimée Desclée in a stereotypical romantic mould, as did a succession of emotionally-fraught roles, notably in the plays of the younger Dumas. But contemporaries praised the new realism she brought to the passionately wayward women she portrayed. In what did this ‘realism’ consist, and in whose eyes did the virtual equation of female desire with neurosis constitute ‘reality’? John Stokes, who teaches in the Department of English in the University of Warwick, here follows an outline of her career and its context with detailed examinations of the creation, nature, and reception of her most famous roles – finally exploring the effects of the events surrounding the creation of the Third Republic and the impact of the Paris Commune of 1870 on the way in which male playwrights and audiences perceived the women she played in her later years. John Stokes recently contributed the section on Bernhardt to Bernhardt. Terry. Duse: the Actress in her Time, with Michael Booth and Susan Bassnett (Cambridge, 1988).

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

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References

Notes and References

1. Bancroft, Squire, Empty Chairs (London: John Murray, 1925), p. 24Google Scholar.

2. Le Naturalisme au théâtre (Paris: Charpentier, 1923), p. 146. Unless otherwise stated, all translations are my own.

3. The Scenic Art (London: Hart-Davis, 1949), p. 9 and p. 78.

4. ‘The Life of an Actress’, The Theatre, July 1884, p. 29; hereafter Scott.

5. Duquesnel, Félix, ‘Ombres Parisiennes’, Figaro, 2 10 1894Google Scholar.

6. Dumas, Alexandrefils, ‘Desclée’, in Entŕactes, Deuxième Série (Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1878), p. 381Google Scholar.

7. de Molènes, Emile, Desclée biographie et souvenirs (Paris: Tresse, 1874)Google Scholar hereafter, de Molènes. This is the main source for information about Desclée, but also seen Berton, Pierre. ‘Desclée: Souvenirs de la vie de théâtre’, La Revue de Paris, 10 1913, p. 513–36Google Scholarde Renzis, Rienzo, Aimée Desclée. artista e amante (Rome: Cremonese Editore, 1935)Google Scholar and Maurois, André, Three Musketeers: a study of the Dumas Family (London: Cape, 1957)Google Scholar. The Bibliothéque de l'Arsenal has a dossier of cuttings relating to Desclée at Rt. 7019.

8. Duplan, Paul, ed., Lettres de Aimée Desclée à Fanfan (Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1895)Google Scholar hereafter, Fanfan.

9. The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff (London: Virago, 1985), p. 560.

10. Fanfan, p. 12.

11. Scott, p. 18.

12. ‘Les Premières representations’, in Paris-Guide (Paris: Lacroix, 1867), p. 785–98.

13. Preface to L'Ami de Femmes, in Théâtre Complet, IV (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1922), p. 54.

14. De Molènes, p. 81.

15. Ibid., p. 93.

16. Scott, p. 22.

17. De Molènes, p. 193–4.

18. Empty Chairs, p. 25.

19. See Carlson, Marvin, The French Stage in the Nineteenth Century (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1972), p. 124Google Scholar.

20. See Aston, Elaine, ‘Outside the Doll's House’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Warwick, 1987Google Scholar.

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30. Ibid., p. 101.

31. Ibid., p. 112.

32. Ibid., p. 4–5.

33. 13 May 1873.

34. Daily Telegraph, 13 May 1873.

35. Ibid.

36. Morning Post, 13 May 1873.

37. Daily Telegraph, 13 May 1873.

38. Morning Post, 13 May 1873.

39. There is no doubt that Bernhardt was to organize her mises-en-scène on this principle. See my essay in Stokes, John, Booth, Michael, Bassnett, Susan, Bemhardl, Terry, Duse: the Actress in Her Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)Google Scholar.

40. The Examiner, 24 May 1873.

41. De Molènes, p. 140.

42. The letter appeared in Entŕacte, 29 January 1892, and was reprinted in part by Jules Clarétie in Profils de Théâtre (Paris: Gaultier Magnier, 1902), p. 345–6.

43. The tradition includes Adrienne Lecouvreur by Scribe and Legouvé, and Zaza by Berton and Simon, as well as A Doll's House. Actress heroines are innumerable, from Fanny Lear by Meilhac and Halévy to Clorinde in Augier's L'Adventurière.

44. Profils de théâtre, p. 345.

45. Froufrou, p. 69.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid., p. 73.

48. Profils de théâtre, p. 346.

49. Empty Chairs, p. 25.

50. 13 May 1873.

51. Entŕacte, 29 January 1892.

52. 13 May.

53. See Cima, Gay Gibson, ‘Discovery Signs: the Emergence of the Critical Actor in Ibsen’, Theatre Journal, XXXV (03 1983), p. 522CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

54. See de Molènes, p. 58. For the nineteenth-century image of Ophelia see Showalter, Elaine, The Female Malady (London: Virago, 1987)Google Scholar.

55. Profils de théâtre, p. 220.

56. De Renzis, Aimée Desclée, p. 68–9.

57. This, I am aware, may seem to equate too easily the régisseur with a modern director, but the functions of the régisseur shifted a good deal at this time. In his Dictionnaire de Théâtre (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1885), p. 643, Arthur Pougin says that there were no ‘fixed and invariable rules’. The best (the only7) consideration of this important subject is Hays, Michael, The Public and Performance: Essays in the History of French and German Theater, 1871–1900 (Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1981)Google Scholar.

58. Scott, p. 26.

59. Three Musketeers, p. 380–1.

60. De Molènes, p. 102.

61. Baldick, Robert, ed., Pages from the Goncourt Journal (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 193Google Scholar.

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64. Lissagaray, , History of the Commune of 1871 (London: Reeves and Turner, 1886), p. 207Google Scholar.

65. Ibid., p. 300–1. For information on the theatres during the Commune see the anonymousAn Englishman in Paris (London: Chatto and Windus, 1892) Labarthe, Gustave, Le Théâtre pendant les jours du siege et de la commune (Paris: Fischbacher, 1910)Google ScholarTissier, André, ‘Les Spectacles pendant la Commune’, Europe, 1112 1970, p. 179–98Google ScholarSarcey, Francisque, Paris during the Siege (London: Chapman and Hall, 1871)Google Scholar. For Commune decrees regarding the theatre, see Edwards, Stewart, ed., The Communards of Paris, 1871 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1973), p. 150–5Google Scholar.

66. Fanfan, p. 143.

67. Halévy, Ludovic, Notes et souvenirs (Paris: Calmann Levy, 1889), p. 84–6Google Scholar.

68. Fanfan, p. 152.

69. Ibid., p. 158.

70. De Molènes, p. 74–5.

71. Labarthe, Le Théâtre, p. 40–1.

72. Lissagaray, p. 382.

73. Ibid., p. 439.

74. Edith Thomas, The Women Incendaries (London: Seeker and Warburg), p. xii.

75. For the history of Dumas's polemics on the sexual mores of his time, including the notorious pamphlet L'Homme-Femme, see Cahiers Renaud-Barrault, XLV (Novembre 1963); Lebois, Andre, ed., Le Dossier ‘Tue-la!’ (Avignon: Edouard Aubanel, 1969)Google ScholarDumas's, own Une Lettre sur les choses du jour (Paris: Michel Levy, 1871)Google Scholar and Nouvelle lettre sur les choses du jour (Paris: Michel Levy, 1872).

76. De Molènes, p. 157.

77. Ibid., p. 160–1.

78. Fanfan, p. 206.

79. La Vie Parisienne quoted in de Molènes, p. 165.

80. De Molènes, p. 164.

81. La Vie Parisienne.

82. ‘A. M. Cuviller Fleury’, La Femme de Claude (Paris: Michel Levy, 1873), p. xlii.

83. See Lidsky, Paul, Les Ecrivains contre la commune (Paris: Francis Maspero, 1970)Google Scholar, and Les Ecrivains francais devant la guerre de 1870 et devant la commune, Colloque 7 (Paris: Publications de la Société d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 1972).

84. The Downfall (London: Chatto and Windus, 1892), p. 515.

85. De Molènes, p. 156.

86. La Femme de Claude, p. 42.

87. Oeuvres Complètes (Paris: Gallimard, 1972), p. 49.

88. ‘When woman's unmeasured bondage shall be broken, when she shall live for and through herself, man – hitherto detestable – having let her go, she, too, will be poet!’, Rimbaud declared when the Commune was at its height. ‘Woman will find the unknown! Will her ideational worlds be different from ours? She will come upon strange, unfathomable, repellent delightful things; we shall take them, we shall comprehend them.’ Quoted by de Beauvoir, Simone, in The Second Sex (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 723–4Google Scholar.

89. Lissagaray, p. 207–8.