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The Breaking of the Voice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2011

Julian Johnson*
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway, University of London

Abstract

Part I of this article explores instances in Mahler's symphonies where the composer allows the continuity of the musical voice to break and to fall temporarily into silence. It analyses these in terms of seven different categories or compositional strategies – violent strikes, abysmal silence, draining away/falling apart, drowning out, hyperintensity, fragmentation, and strained voices. Part II considers the wider context for this breaking of the voice in literary and philosophical self-critiques of language contemporary with Mahler's work, specifically Austro–German forms of Sprachkritik as in the work of Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Fritz Mauthner, but also extending the parallel in less obvious directions to include Samuel Beckett. Taken together, the two parts of the article thus provide both evidence and historical context for a radical suggestion about Mahler's music, that at the heart of the symphonic is a constant threat of the aphonic – a complete loss of voice. While such moments are rare in Mahler, they might be read as extreme manifestations of the self-consciousness of language to which all his music is subject.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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References

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3 Ibid., 166. Peter Franklin cites this line in the title of an article in which he assesses the importance of Adorno's reading of Mahler. See ‘ “…his fractures are the script of truth.”– Adorno's Mahler’, in Mahler Studies, ed. Stephen E. Hefling (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997): 271–94.

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9 In the first edition, Mahler gave the following performance direction at Fig. 32: ‘This passage must be played by the strings with the greatest power, so that the individual strings, as a result of the violent vibration, almost come into contact with the fingerboard. The Viennese call this “schöppern”. A similar effect applies to the horns.’

10 For contemporary cartoons drawing attention to Mahler's noisiness and expansion of the percussion section, see Die Muskete, 19 January 1907 and Illustriertes Wiener Extrablatt, no. 88, 31 March 1907.

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13 See Figs. 49.7 to 50.3 in the Finale of the Second Symphony, and Figs. 218–19 at the close of the Eighth Symphony.

14 Something very similar occurs in the Finale of the Sixth Symphony, Figs. 131–3.

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19 For example, four bars before Fig. 18 in the first movement of the Sixth Symphony, where the same line is doubled by 4 flutes, 2 oboes and 4 clarinets.

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24 A good example is the Wunderhorn song, ‘Wer hat dies Liedlein erdacht?!’.

25 Cited from Mauthner's autobiography, Prager Jugendjahre, pp. 21–33, in Elizabeth Bredeck, Metaphors of Knowledge: Language and Thought in Mauthner's Critique (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992): 17.

26 This includes a parody of Wagner, in a piece titled, ‘Der unbewusste Ahasverus oder Das Ding an sich als Wille und Vortstellung. Bühnen-Weh-Festpiel in drei Handlungen’. See Vierhufe, Almut, Parodie und Sprachkritik: Untersuchungen zu Fritz Mauthners “Nach berühmten Mustern” (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999): 93ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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34 In a note from 1948, Wittgenstein referred to Mahler's symphonies as ‘worthless’. See Culture and Value, ed. G.H. von Wright (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989): 67e. Instead, he praised the music of Josef Labor, composer and organist, friend of the Wittgenstein family and the first composition teacher of the young Alma Schindler (62e).

35 Wittgenstein claimed he had found a ‘final solution’ to the problems of philosophy with the Tractatus; at around the same time, Schoenberg claimed that his Method would define German music for the next hundred years.

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44 Massimo Cacciari suggests that Rückert's literary art was already self-reflective: ‘His language game is contemporary with Schopenhauer's pessimism about classical and romantic conceptions of art. That is, by now art can be nothing but cultural reworking, virtuoso philology, a linguistic game – despairing, finally, of any ethical or existential content anicillary to Nirvana. It is this essential despair that Mahler finds in Rückert's poetry.’ See Posthumous People: Vienna at the Turning Point, trans. Roger Friedman (Stanford: California University Press, 1996): 52.

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47 Theodor Adorno, see note 1.