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Bet hedging and cold-temperature termination of diapause in the life history of the Atlantic salmon ectoparasite Argulus canadensis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2020

Tyler J. Lynn ,
Ji-Won Jeong  and
Michael S. Duffy Open the ORCID record for Michael S. Duffy [Opens in a new window]
Tyler J. Lynn
Affiliation:
Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick,Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
Ji-Won Jeong
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
Michael S. Duffy*
Affiliation:
Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick,Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Michael S. Duffy, E-mail: mduffy@unb.ca
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Abstract

Argulus canadensis is a crustacean ectoparasite observed increasingly on wild migrating adult Atlantic salmon. We investigated temperature and salinity tolerance regarding development, survival and hatch of A. canadensis eggs to help understand spatiotemporal features of transmission. Argulus canadensis eggs differentiate to pharate embryos by 35 days buttheir hatch is protracted to ~7 months. Cold treatment ⩾75 days mimics overwintering and terminates egg diapause, with 84.6% (72.1–100%) metanauplius hatch induced ⩾13 °C and synchronized to 3–4 weeks. Inter- and intra-clutch variability and protracted hatch in the absence of cold-temperature termination of diapause is compatible with bet hedging. Whereas diapause likely promotes phenological synchrony for host colocalization, bet hedging could afford temporal plasticity to promote host encounter during environmental change. Our egg storage and hatch induction/synchronization methodologies can be exploited for empirical investigations. Salinity tolerance reveals both significantly higher embryonic development (94.4 ± 3.5% vs 61.7 ± 24.6%) and metanauplius hatch (53.3 ± 7.5% vs 10.1 ± 8.2%) for eggs in freshwater than at 17 ppt. Unhatched embryos were alive in freshwater by the end of the trial (213 days) but were dead/dying at 17 ppt. Eggs did not develop at 34 ppt. Salinity tolerance of A. canadensis eggs supports riverine transmission to adult Atlantic salmon during return to freshwater for mating each year.

Keywords

Argulus canadensisAtlantic salmonbet hedgingdiapauseectoparasitic crustaceanenvironmentally cued hatchlife historyphenology
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 147 , Issue 14 , December 2020 , pp. 1774 - 1785
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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