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Imidazole-containing phthalazine derivatives inhibit Fe-SOD performance in Leishmania species and are active in vitro against visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2015

M. SÁNCHEZ-MORENO ,
F. GÓMEZ-CONTRERAS ,
P. NAVARRO ,
C. MARÍN ,
I. RAMÍREZ-MACÍAS ,
M. J. ROSALES ,
L. CAMPAYO ,
C. CANO ,
A. M. SANZ  and
M. J. R. YUNTA
M. SÁNCHEZ-MORENO*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
F. GÓMEZ-CONTRERAS*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
P. NAVARRO
Affiliation:
Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
C. MARÍN
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
I. RAMÍREZ-MACÍAS
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
M. J. ROSALES
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
L. CAMPAYO
Affiliation:
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
C. CANO
Affiliation:
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
A. M. SANZ
Affiliation:
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
M. J. R. YUNTA
Affiliation:
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
*
* Corresponding authors: Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. Email: msanchem@ugr.es and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Email: fercon@ucm.es
* Corresponding authors: Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. Email: msanchem@ugr.es and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Email: fercon@ucm.es
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Summary

The in vitro leishmanicidal activity of a series of imidazole-containing phthalazine derivatives 1–4 was tested on Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani parasites, and their cytotoxicity on J774·2 macrophage cells was also measured. All compounds tested showed selectivity indexes higher than that of the reference drug glucantime for the three Leishmania species, and the less bulky monoalkylamino substituted derivatives 2 and 4 were clearly more effective than their bisalkylamino substituted counterparts 1 and 3. Both infection rate measures and ultrastructural alterations studies confirmed that 2 and 4 were highly leishmanicidal and induced extensive parasite cell damage. Modifications to the excretion products of parasites treated with 2 and 4 were also consistent with substantial cytoplasmic alterations. On the other hand, the most active compounds 2 and 4 were potent inhibitors of iron superoxide dismutase enzyme (Fe-SOD) in the three species considered, whereas their impact on human CuZn-SOD was low. Molecular modelling suggests that 2 and 4 could deactivate Fe-SOD due to a sterically favoured enhanced ability to interact with the H-bonding net that supports the antioxidant features of the enzyme.

Keywords

Leishmania infantumLeishmania donovaniLeishmania braziliensisiron superoxide dismutaseimidazolephthalazine derivatives
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 142 , Issue 8 , July 2015 , pp. 1115 - 1129
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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