Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T12:17:27.299Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Parasitic infection and chronic energy deficiency in adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

P. S. Shetty  and
N. Shetty
P. S. Shetty
Affiliation:
Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Department of Microbiology, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore – 560 034, India
N. Shetty
Affiliation:
Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Department of Microbiology, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore – 560 034, India
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Interactions between infection and nutrition have been well recognized for several years now since they contribute directly to the health of individuals and communities. Malnourished individuals are specially prone to developing infections while infections themselves can lead to profound changes in the nutritional status of the individual. Health workers in developing countries in the tropics have long recognized the mutually aggravating interactions of malnutrition and infection. The importance of this synergistic relationship between infection and nu-tritional status has been studied extensively in the case of young children. The nutritional status of a young child is a critical determinant of both c morbidity and mortality resulting from a wide range of infections: bacterial, viral, or parasitic. Chandra (1983), in his review on the relationship of nutrition, immunity and infection has categorized the wide range of infectious agents (bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic) into those that are definitely, variably or minimally influenced by the nutritional status of the child.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 107 , supplement S1: Human nutrition and parasitic infection , January 1993 , pp. S159 - S167
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acton, H. W. (1918). The incidence and importance of intestinal entozoa amongst Indian members of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force. Indian Journal of Medical Research 6, 601–613.Google Scholar
Adamson, P. B. & Path, H. D. (1960). Strogyloidiasis in Durban. South African Medical Journal 34, 383–7.Google Scholar
Alexander, F. D. & Meleney, H. E. (1935). A Study of diets in two rural communities in Tennessee in which amebiasis was prevalent. American Journal of Hygiene 22, 704–30.Google Scholar
Akpom, C. A. (1982). Schistosomiasis: Nutritional implications. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4, 776–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akpom, C. A. & Warren, K. S. (1975). Calorie and protein malnutrition in chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Journal of Infectious Diseases 132, 6–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karim, M. A. Awad El, Collins, K. J., Sukkar, M. Y., Omer, A. H., Amin, M. A. & Dore, C. (1980). An assessment of anti-schistosomal treatment on physical work capacity. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 67–72.Google Scholar
Basta, S., Soekirman, K. D. & Scrimshaw, N. S. (1979). Iron deficiency anemia and the productivity of adult males in Indonesia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 916–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belcher, D. W., Wurapa, F. K. & Ward, W. B. (1975). Guinea worm in Southern Ghana: its epidemiology and impact on agricultural productivity. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24, 243–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, D. R. (1964). Diet And therapy in bilharzia. Lancet i, 643–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byles, A. B. & D'sa, A. (1974). Reduction of reaction due to iron dextran infusion using chloroquine. British Medical Journal 2, 625–7.Google Scholar
Chandra, R. K. (1983). Nutrition, immunity and infection: present knowledge and future directions. Lancet i, 688–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christophers, S. R. (1911). Malaria in the Punjab. Scientific Memoirs of Medical & Sanitary Departments, India. No: 46, pp. 1–135.Google Scholar
Collins, K. J., Brotherhood, R. J. & Davies, C. T. (1976). Physiological performance and work capacity of Sudanese sugar cane cutters with Schistosoma mansoni infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 25, 410–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demarchi, M. (1958). Effect of dietary protein on blood regeneration of anemic patients suffering from parasitic infestation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 6, 415–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devakul, K., Areekul, S. & Viravan, C. (1967). Vitamin B12 absorption test in amoebic liver abscess. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 61, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewitt, W. B., Oliver-Gonzales, J., Medina, E. (1964). Effects of improving the nutrition of malnourished people infected with Schistosoma mansoni. American Journal Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 13, 25–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, L. S. (1982). Amebiasis: Nutritional implications. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4, 843–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edgerton, V. R., Gardener, G. W., Ohira, Y., Gunawardena, K. A. & Senewiratne, B. (1979). Iron-deficiency anemia and its effect on worker productivity and activity patterns. British Medical Journal 2, 1546–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edgerton, V. R., Ohira, Y., Hettiarachchi, J., Senawiratne, B., Gardener, G. W. & Barnard, R. J. (1981). Elevation of haemoglobin and work performance in iron-deficient subjects. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 27, 77–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edsall, G., Heyworth, B. & Brown, J. (1975). Malnutrition and the immune response to tetanus toxoid. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Tetanus 2, 683–5. Foundation Merieux, Lyon, France.Google Scholar
Elsdon-Dew, R. (1946). Some aspects of amebiasis in Africans. South African Medical Journal 20, 580–7; 620–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Elsdon-Dew, R. (1949). Endemic fulminating amebic dysentery. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 29, 337–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Farid, Z. & Maile, A. Jr. (1962). Treatment of hookworm infection in Egypt with bepheniumhydroxynaphthoate and the relationship between iron deficiency anemia and intensity of infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 11, 497–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faust, E. C. (1958). Parasitologic surveys in Cali, Departmento del Valle, Colombia I. Incidence and morphologic characteristics of strains of Entamoeba histolytica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 7, 4–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, E. C. & Read, T. R. (1959). Parasitologic surveys in Cali, Departmento del Valle, Colombia V. Capacity of Entamoeba histolytica of human origin to utilise different types of starches in its metabolism. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 8, 293–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, E. C., Russell, P. E. & Jung, R. C. (1970). Plasmid nematode parasites of man. In Clinical Parasitology. (ed. Faust, E. C., Russell, P. E. & Jung, R. C.) Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, pp. 297–329.Google Scholar
Francois, P. (1990). Unpublished Report of FAO. Rome, Food & Agriculture Organisation.Google Scholar
Gardener, G. W., Edgerton, V. R., Senawiratne, B., Barnard, R. J. & Ohira, Y. (1977). Physical work capacity and metabolic stress in subjects with iron deficiency anemia. American Journal of Clinical, Nutrition 30, 910–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrow, J. S. (1981). Treat obesity seriously – a clinical manual. London: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 246.Google Scholar
Gomez, F., Ramos-Galvan, R., Frenk, S., Munoz, J. C., Chavez, R. & Vazquez, J. (1956). Mortality in second and third degree malnutrition. Journal of Tropical Paediatrics 2, 77–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, M. C. (1985). Intestinal parasites and malnutrition. Tropical Gastroenterology 6, 175–87.Google Scholar
James, W. P. T., Ferro-Luzzi, A. & Waterlow, J. C. (1988). Definition of chronic energy deficiency in adults. Report of working party of IDECG. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 969–81.Google Scholar
Kauffman, C. A., Jones, P. G. & Kluger, M. J. (1986). Fever and malnutrition: endogenous pyrogen/interleukin-1 in malnourished patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 449–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keusch, G. T. & Migasena, P. (1982). Biological implications of polyparasitism. Review of Infectious Diseases 41, 880–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnaswamy, K. (1978). Nutrition and drug metabolism. Indian Journal of Medical Research 68, 109–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Lewis, E. A. & Anita, A. U. (1969). Amoebic colitis in Nigeria: a review of cases. West African Medical Journal 19, 111–14.Google Scholar
McGregor, C. A. (1982). Malaria: Nutritional implications. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4, 798–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGregor, I. A. (1976). Health and communicable disease in rural African environment. Oikos 27, 180–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, I. A. & Barr, M. (1962). Antibody response to tetanus toxoid inoculation in malarious and non-malarious Gambian children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56, 364–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masawe, A. E. J., Muindi, J. M. & Swai, G. B. R. (1974). Infections in iron deficiency and other types of anemia in the tropics. Lancet ii, 314–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayoral, L. G., Tripathy, K., Garcia, F. T., Klahr, S., Bolanos, O. & Ghitis, J. (1967). Malabsorption in the Tropics: a second look. I. The role of protein malnutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 20, 866–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, P. M., Hubbard, D. W. & Willis, R. A. (1972). Intestinal parasitism and nutritional status in Louisiana. Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society 124, 197–203.Google ScholarPubMed
Murray, M. J. & Murray, A. B. (1977). Starvation suppression and refeeding activation of infection: an ecological necessity? Lancet i, 123–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, M. J., Murray, A. B., Murray, N. J. & Murray, M. B. (1975). Refeeding – Malaria and hyperferremia. Lancet i, 653–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, M. J., Murray, A. B., Murray, M. B. & Murray, C. J. (1976). Somali food shelters in the Ogaden famine and their impact on health. Lancet i, 1283–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, M. J., Murray, A. B., Murray, M. B. & Murray, C. J. (1978). The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. British Medical Journal 2, 1113–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nwosu, A. B., Ifezulike, E. O. & Anya, A. O. (1982). Endemic dracontiasis in Anambra state of Nigeria: geographical distribution, clinical features, epidemiology and socio-economic impact of the disease. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 76, 187–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omer, A. H. & Ahmed, N. El Din (1974). Assessment of physical performance and lung function in Schistosoma mansoni infection. East African Medical Journal 51, 217–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Orr, J. B. & Gilkes, J. L. (1931). Studies on nutrition. The physique and health of two African tribes. Medical Research Council (BG), Special Report No: 155, pp. 15.Google Scholar
Parker, M. (1989). The effects of schistosoma mansoni on female activity patterns and infant growth in Gazira province, Sudan. D Phil Thesis, Oxford University.Google Scholar
Pryer, J. (1990). Socio-economic and environment aspects of undernutrition and ill health in an urban slum in Bangladesh. PhD Thesis, London University.Google Scholar
Rajasuriya, K. & Nagaratanam, N. (1962). Hepatic amoebiasis in Ceylon. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65, 165–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Roche, M. & Layrisse, M. (1966). Nature and cause of ‘hookworm anemia’. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 15, 1029–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satyanarayana, K., Venkataramana, Y. & Rao, S. M. (1986). Nutrition and work performance: studies carried out in India. Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Nutrition. Seoul, Korea, pp. 302–5.Google Scholar
Schultz, M. G. (1982). Ascariasis: Nutritional implications. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4, 815–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scrimshaw, N. S. (1984). Functional consequences of iron deficiency in human populations. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 30, 47–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senewiratne, B., Hettiarachchi, J. & Senewiratne, K. (1974). Some problems in the management of anemia in a tea estate workers in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, 177–81.Google Scholar
Shetty, P. S. & James, W. P. T. (1993). Body mass index: a measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper (In Press).Google Scholar
Solomons, N. W. (1982). Giardiasis: Nutritional implications. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4, 859–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spurr, G. B. (1987). The effects of chronic energy deficiency on stature, work capacity and productivity. In Chronic energy deficiency: consequences and related issues (ed: Schurch, B. & Scrimshaw, N. S.) IDECG Symposium, pp. 95–134.Google Scholar
Spurr, G. B., Barac-Neito, M. & Maksud, M. G. (1973). Clinical and subclinical malnutrition: Their influence on the capacity to do work. Annual Progress Report to USAID, AID/USD 2943, 03 1973, 165–81.Google Scholar
Tomkins, A. & Watson F. (1989). Malnutrition And infection: a review. ACC/SCN State-of-the-art series Nutrition Policy discussion paper No: 5, United Nations, pp. 13–44.Google Scholar
Torun, B., Flores, R., Viteri, F., Immink, M. & Diaz, E. (1986). Energy supplementation and work performance. Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Nutrition.Seoul,Korea, pp. 306–9.Google Scholar
Tripathy, K., Garcia, F. T. & Lotero, H. (1971). Effect of nutritional repletion on hookworm infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 20, 219–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Variyam, E. P. & Banwell, J. G. (1982). Hookworm disease: Nutritional implications Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4, 830–5.Google Scholar
Viteri, F. E. (1971). Considerations on the effect of nutrition on the body composition and physical working capacity of young Guatemalan adults. In Amino Acid Fortification of Protein Foods (ed. Scrimshaw, N. S. & Altschul, A. M.). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, pp. 350–75.Google Scholar
Viteri, F. E. (1976). Definition of the nutrition problem in the labour force. In: Nutrition and Agricultural development – significance and potential for the Tropics (ed. Scrimshaw, N. S. & Behar, M.). New York & London: Plenum Press, pp. 87–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J. A. & Warren, K. S. (1979). Selective primary health care. An interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. New England Journal of Medicine 301, 967–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westphal, A. (1937). Betrachtungen und experimentelle Untersucchungen zur Virulenz der Entamoeba histolytica beim Menschen. Archives Schiffs und Tropenhygien 41, 262–70.Google Scholar
World Health Organisation. (1986). Use and interpretation of anthropometric indicators of nutritional status. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 64, 929–41.Google Scholar