Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:28:37.601Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The production and functional morphology of helminth egg-shells

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

D.A. Wharton
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, DyfedSY 23 3DA

Summary

The high energy costs of egg-shell production in many helminths suggests that this structure plays an important role in their biology. The mechanical and chemical resistance of the egg-shell and the barrier it provides to the entry and loss of material are important in the survival of the free-living stages within the egg. The presence of egg filaments may increase the availability of infective stages and the operculum may be important in the infective process.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andersen, S. O. (1980). Cuticular sclerotization. In Cuticle Techniques in Arthropods (ed. Miller, T. A.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Barrett, J. (1981). Biochemistry of Parasitic Helminths. London: Macmillans.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baruš, V., Tenora, F. & Wiger, R. (1979). Scanning electron microscopy of eggs of european species of the genus Syphacia Seurat, 1916 (Nematoda). Folia Parasitologica 26, 21–6.Google Scholar
Bird, A. F. & McClure, M. A. (1976). The tylenchid (Nematoda)eggshell: structure, composition and permeability. Parasitology 72, 1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brand, T. von (1940). Further observations upon the composition of Acanthocephala. Journal of Parasitology 26, 301–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundy, D. A. P. (1981). The surface ultrastructure of the egg capsule of Transversotrema patialense (Transversotrematidae: Digenea). International Journal for Parasitology 11, 1922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calow, P. (1981). Invertebrate Biology: A Functional Approach. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Christenson, R. O. (1950). Nemic Ova. In Introduction to hematology (ed. Chitwood, B. G. and Chitwood, M. B.). Baltimore: Monumental Printing Company.Google Scholar
Crompton, D. W. T. (1970). An Ecological Approach to Acanthocephalan Physiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Erasmus, D. A. (1972). The Biology of Trematodes. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Fairweather, I. & Threadgold, L. T. (1981). Hymenolepis nana: the fine structure of the embryonic envelopes. Parasitology 82, 429–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinton, H. E. (1969). Respiratory systems of insect egg shells. Annual Review of Entomology 14, 343–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hockley, D. J. (1968). Small spines on the egg shells of Schistosoma. Parasitology 58, 367–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inatomi, S. (1957). A study of the egg-shell of Enterobius vermicularis (Linnaeus 1758) Leach, 1853, with the electron microscope. Acta Medicinae Okayama 11, 1822.Google Scholar
Irwin, W. B. & Threadgold, L. T. (1972). Electron microscope studies of Fasciola hepatica. X. Egg formation. Experimental Parasitology 31, 321–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishii, Y. (1972). Morphology of helminth ova through the scanning electron microscope. Fukuoka Acta Medica 63, 419–31.Google Scholar
Kearn, G. C. (1963). The egg, oncomiracidium and larval development of Entobdella soleae, a monogenean skin parasite of the common sole. Parasitology 53, 435–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laws, G. F. (1968). Physical factors influencing survival of Taeniid eggs. Experimental Parasitology 22, 227–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Llewellyn, J. (1965). The evolution of parasitic platyhelminths. In Symposium of the British Society for Parasitology (ed. Taylor, A. E. R.) 3, 4778.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, J. (1981). Biology of monogeneans (Workshop Proceedings, EMOP 3). Parasitology 82, 5768.Google Scholar
Lethbridge, R. C. (1971). The chemical composition and some properties of the egg layers in Hymenolepis diminuta eggs. Parasitology 63, 275–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ludwig, H. (1874). Über die Eibildung im Thierreiche. Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium der Wurtburg Hochschule 1, 287.Google Scholar
Madhavi, R. (1968). Diplodiscus mehrai: chemical nature of eggshell. Experimental Parasitology 23, 392–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madhavi, R. & Rao, K. H. (1971). Orchispirium heterovitellaium: chemical nature of the eggshell. Experimental Parasitology 30, 345–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansour, T. E. (1958). Effect of serotonin on phenol oxidase from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and from other sources. Biochemical et biophysica acta 30, 492500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, B. F. (1981). Cercaria vaullegeardi Pelseneer, 1906 (Digenea: Hemiuridae); development and ultrastructure. Parasitology 83, 575–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neville, A. C. (1975). Biology of the Arthropod Cuticle. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nellaiappan, K. & Ramalingham, K. (1980). Prophenoloxidase and its activation in Paraplerurus sauridae (Digenea: Hemiuridae). Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 2, 109–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packard, G. C. & Packard, M. J. (1980). Evolution of the cleidoic egg amongst reptilian antecedents of birds. American Zoologist 20, 351–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, R. N. & Clarke, A. J. (1981). Hatching mechanisms of nematodes. Parasitology 83, 435–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, R. N., Wharton, D. A. & Clarke, A. J. (1982). The structure of the egg-shell of Globodera rostochiensis (Nematoda: Tylenchida). International Journal for Parasitology 12, 481–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahn, H., Ar, A. & Paganelli, C. V. (1979). How bird eggs breathe. Scientific American 240, 3847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rainsford, K. D. (1972). The chemistry of egg-shell formation in Fasciola hepatica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 43 B, 983–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Ramalingam, K. (1973). The chemical nature of the egg-shell of helminths. 1. Absence of quinone tanning in the egg-shell of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. International Journal for Parasitology 3, 6775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, A. G. (1978). The chemistry of insect cuticle. In Biochemistry of Insects (ed. Rockstein, M.). New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rybicka, K. (1972). Ultrastructure of embryonic envelopes and their differentiation in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Journal of Parasitology 58, 849–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seed, J. L. & Bennett, J. L. (1980). Schistosoma mansoni: phenol oxidase's role in eggshell formation. Experimental Parasitology 49, 430–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seed, J. L., Boff, M. & Bennett, J. L. (1978). Phenol oxidase activity: induction in female schistosomes by in vitro incubation. Journal of Parasitology 64, 283–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smyth, J. D. (1966). The Physiology of Trematodes. London: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Smyth, J. D. & Clegg, J. A. (1959). Egg-shell formation in trematodes and cestodes. Experimental Parasitology 8, 286323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stranack, F. R. (1972). The fine structure of the acanthor shell of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala). Parasitology 64, 187–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swejkowsa, G. (1929). Récherches sur le physiologie de la maturation de l'oeuf d'Ascaris. Academie Polonaise des Sciences Bulletin Internationale Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Naturelles Series B, 489519.Google Scholar
Tompa, A. S. (1976). A comparative study of the ultrastructure and minerology of calcified land snail eggs (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). Journal of Morphology 150, 861–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uznanski, R. L. & Nickol, B. B. (1976). Structure and function of the fibrillar coat of Leptorhynchoides thecatus eggs. Journal of Parasitology 62, 569–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vincent, J. F. V. & Hillerton, J. E. (1979). The tanning of insect cuticle – a critical review and a revised mechanism. Journal of Insect Physiology 25, 653–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wharton, D. A. (1979 a). Oogenesis and egg-shell formation in Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea). Parasitology 78, 131–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, D. A. (1979 b). The structure of the egg-shell of Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea). Parasitology 78, 145–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, D. A. (1979 c). The structure and formation of the egg-shell of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi Hammerschmidt (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea). Parasitology 79, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wharton, D. A. (1979 d). The structure and formation of the egg-shell of Syphacia obvelata Rudolphi (Nematoda: Oxyurida). Parasitology 79, 1328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, D. (1980). Nematode egg-shells. Parasitology 81, 447–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, D. A. (1982). The survival of desiccation by the free-living stages of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Parasitology 84, 455–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, D. A. & Barrett, J. (1979). Preliminary investigations on the tanning systems of nematode egg-shells. Parasitology 79, 9.Google Scholar
Whitfield, P. J. (1973). The egg envelopes of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala). Parasitology 66, 387403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R. A. (1967). The structure and permeability of the shell and vitelline membrane of the egg of Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 57, 4758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittrock, D. D. (1982). Structure and origin of the eggshell of Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis (Trematoda: Notocotylidae). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 67, 3744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, R. D.(1971). The egg envelope of Moniliformisdubius. Journal of Parasitology 57, 122–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurdak, E. S., Gilbert, J. J. & Jagels, R. (1978). Fine structure of the resting eggs of the Rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna sieboldi. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 97, 4972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed