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Trichomonads in birds – a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 January 2014

AZIZA AMIN ,
IVANA BILIC ,
DIETER LIEBHART  and
MICHAEL HESS
AZIZA AMIN
Affiliation:
Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
IVANA BILIC
Affiliation:
Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
DIETER LIEBHART
Affiliation:
Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
MICHAEL HESS*
Affiliation:
Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
*
*Corresponding author: Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: michael.hess@vetmeduni.ac.at
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Summary

Members of the family Trichomonadidae, mainly Trichomonas gallinae and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, represent important parasites in birds with worldwide presence, since being reported in the 19th century. Especially Columbiformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes can be severely affected by trichomonads, whereas the majority of infections in Galliformes and Anatiformes are subclinical although severe infections are occasionally reported. With the recent appearance of deadly infections in wild Passeriformes the protozoan parasite T. gallinae obtained greater attention which will be addressed in this review. Although light microscopy remains the method of choice to confirm the presence of trichomonads molecular studies were introduced in recent years, in order to characterize the parasites and to establish relationships between isolates. Isolation of trichomonads is a prerequisite for detailed in vitro and in vivo studies and different media are reported to obtain suitable material. The limited information about virulence factors will be reviewed in context with the pathogenicity of trichomonads which varies greatly, indicating certain strain heterogeneity of the parasites. Options for treatment characterized by the leading role of imidazoles whose activity is sometimes hampered by resistant parasites remains a challenge for the future. Introducing more standardized genetic studies and investigations concentrating on the host-pathogen interaction should be helpful to elucidate virulence factors which might lead to new concepts of treatment.

Keywords

Trichomonas gallinaeTetratrichomonas gallinarummorphologyepidemiology and transmissionpathogenicitydiagnosticsgeneticstreatmentreview
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 141 , Issue 6 , May 2014 , pp. 733 - 747
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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