Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T21:54:17.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Ambiguities of Rawls's Influence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2006

Peter Berkowitz
Peter Berkowitz
Affiliation:
George Mason University School of Law and Stanford's Hoover Institution (berkowitz@hoover.stanford.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

John Rawls is the towering figure of academic liberalism. A gentle, dignified, self-effacing man, he taught philosophy at Harvard for more than thirty years and from his commanding position exerted a decisive influence on his profession. Through his scholarship and teaching he played a major role in establishing the now-dominant understanding of liberalism in the academy and, more generally, of the method and purpose of the philosophical study of politics.Peter Berkowitz teaches at George Mason University School of Law and is the Tad and Dianne Taube Senior Fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution (berkowitz@hoover.stanford.edu). He is the editor of the companion volumes Varieties of Conservatism in America (Hoover Institution Press 2004) and Varieties of Progressivism in America (Hoover Institution Press 2004).This essay weaves together (and in places corrects) the argument of “John Rawls and the Liberal Faith,” in The Wilson Quarterly, Spring 2002, pp. 60–69, and “The Academic Liberal,” in The Weekly Standard, Dec. 16, 2002.

Type
SYMPOSIUM
Information
Perspectives on Politics , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , March 2006 , pp. 121 - 133
Copyright
© 2006 American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerly, Brooke. 2000. Political theory and feminist social criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ackerly, Brooke. 2005. Is liberal democracy the only way? Confucianism and democracy. Political Theory 33 (4): 547–76.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Bruce. 1994. Political liberalisms. Journal of Philosophy 19 (7): 364–86.Google Scholar
Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why parties: The origin and transformation of political parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Amdur, Robert. 1977. Rawls' theory of justice: Domestic and international perspectives. World Politics 29 (3): 438–61.Google Scholar
Anderson, Elizabeth. 1999. What is the point of equality? Ethics 109 (2): 287–337Google Scholar
Arneson, Richard J. 1989. Introduction. Ethics 99 (4): 695–710.Google Scholar
Arneson, Richard J. 1993. Equality. In A companion to contemporary political philosophy, eds. Robert Goodin and Philip Pettit. Oxford: Blackwell.
Arneson, Richard J. 1999. Introduction: Symposium on Rawlsian Theory of Justice: Recent Developments. Ethics 99 (4): 695–710.Google Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1973. Some ordinalist-utilitarian notes on Rawls's theory of justice. Journal of Philosophy 70 (9): 245–63.Google Scholar
Barber, Benjamin. 1975. Justifying justice: Problems of psychology, measurement, and politics in Rawls. American Political Science Review 62 (2): 663–74.Google Scholar
Barry, Brian. 1982. Humanity and justice in global perspective. In Ethics, economics and the law: Nomos Xxiv, eds. J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman. New York: New York University Press.
Barry, Brian. 1995. John Rawls and the search for stability. Ethics 105 (4): 874–915.Google Scholar
Barry, Brian. 1998. International society from a cosmopolitan perspective. In International society: Diverse ethical perspectives, eds. David R. Mapel and Terry Nardin. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Barry, Brian. 2001a. Culture and equality. Cambridge: Policy Press.
Barry, Brian. 2001b. Equality. In Encyclopedia of ethics. New York: Routledge.
Beitz, Charles. 1975. Justice and international relations. Philosophy and Public Affairs 4 (4): 282–311.Google Scholar
Beitz, Charles. 1999 [1979]. Political theory and international relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Beitz, Charles. 1994. Cosmopolitan liberalism and the states system. In Political restructuring in Europe: Ethical perspectives, ed. Chris Brown. Routledge: London.
Beitz, Charles. 2000. Rawls's Law of Peoples. Ethics 110 (July): 669–96.Google Scholar
Bell, Daniel. 2000. East meets west: Human rights and democracy in East Asia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1988. The generalized and the concrete other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan controversy and feminist theory. In Feminism as critique: On the politics of gender, eds. Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1992. Situating the self: Gender, community, and postmodernism in contemporary ethics. New York: Routledge.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1995. Cultural complexity, moral interdependence and the global dialogical community. In Women, culture and development, eds. Martha Nussbaum and Jonathan Glover. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla. 2002. The claims of culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla. 2004. The law of peoples, distributive justice, and migration. Fordham Law Review 72 (5): 1761–87.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, Peter. 1995. Communitarian criticisms and liberal lessons. Responsive Community (Fall): 54–64.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, Peter. 1996. The debating society. New Republic. Nov. 25.
Berkowitz, Peter. 2003. The demagoguery of democratic theory. Critical Review 15 (1–2).Google Scholar
Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. Four essays on liberty. New York: Oxford University Press.
Blake, Michael. 2001. Distributive justice, state coercion, and autonomy. Philosophy and Public Affairs 30 (3): 257–96.Google Scholar
Bloom, Allan. 1975. Justice: John Rawls vs. the tradition of political philosophy. American Political Science Review 69 (2): 648–62.Google Scholar
Bohman, James. 1995. Public reason and cultural pluralism: Political liberalism and the problem of moral pluralism. Political Theory 23 (2): 253–79.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brewin, Christopher. 1978. Justice in international relations. In The reason of states, ed. Michael Donelan. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Brown, Michael et al., eds. 1996. Debating the democratic peace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Brown, Wendy. 1995. State's of injury: Power and freedom in late modernity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Buchanan, Allen. 1989. Assessing the communitarian critique of liberalism. Ethics 99 (4): 852–82.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 1999. Recognitional legitimacy and the state system. Philosophy and Public Affairs 28 (1): 46–78.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 2000a. Rawls's Law of Peoples: Rules for a vanished Westphalian world. Ethics 110 (4): 697–721.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen. 2000b. Justice, legitimacy and human rights. In The idea of a political liberalism: Essays on Rawls, eds. Victoria Davion and Clark Wolf. Rowan and Littlefield: London.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender trouble. New York: Routledge.
Byman, Daniel L., and Jerrold D. Green. 1999. The enigma of stability in the Persian Gulf monarchies. Middle East Review of International Affairs 3 (3): 20–37.Google Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American voter. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Caney, Simon. 2002. Cosmopolitan and the law of peoples. Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (1): 95–123.Google Scholar
Carens, Joseph. 1989. Membership and morality. In Immigration and the politics of citizenship in Europe and North America, ed. William Brubaker. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Central Intelligence Agency. 1999. CIA World Fact Book, http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1999/9.htm
Chapman, John W. 1975. Rawls's Theory of Justice. American Political Science Review 69 (2): 588–93.Google Scholar
Christiano, Thomas. 2001. Is there any basis for Rawls' duty of civility? Modern Schoolman 78 (January/March): 151–61.Google Scholar
Clayton, Mathew, and Andrew Williams. 1999. Egalitarian justice and interpersonal comparison. European Journal of Political Research 35 (4): 445–64.Google Scholar
Clinton, William J. 1999. Remarks by the President at the Presentation of The National Medal of the Arts and The National Humanities Medal. Press release, Wednesday, September 29. http://clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/New/html/19990929.html
Cohen, G. A. 1997. Where the action is: On the site of distributive justice. Philosophy and Public Affairs 26: 3–30.Google Scholar
Cohen, G. A. 2000. If you're an egalitarian, how come you're so rich? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cohen, Joshua. 1989. Democratic equality. Ethics 99 (4): 727–51.Google Scholar
Cohen, Joshua. 1993. Moral pluralism and political consensus. In The Idea of democracy, eds. Davide Copp, John Roemer, and Jean Hampton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, Joshua. 1996. Procedure and substance in deliberative democracy. In Democracy and difference: Changing boundaries of the political, ed. Seyla Benhabib. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cohen, Joshua. 2002. The pursuit of fairness. Boston Globe, Dec. 1.
Connolly, William. 1991. Identity/difference: Democratic negotiations of political paradox. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Dallmayr, Fred R. 2001. Achieving our world: Toward a global plural democracy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Daniels, Norman. 1989a. Equal liberty and unequal worth of Liberty. In Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice, ed. Norman Daniels. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Daniels, Norman. 1989b. Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Daniels, Norman. 2003. Democratic Equality: Rawls's complex egalitarianism. In The Cambridge Companion to Rawls, ed, Samuel Scheffler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, D. W., and B. D. Silver. 2004. Civil liberties vs. security: Public opinion in the context of the terrorist attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science 48 (1): 28–46.Google Scholar
Davis, James A., Tom W. Smith, and Peter V. Marsden. 2003. General Social Surveys, 1972–2002: [cumulative file] [computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center [producer]. Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors].
DiQuatrro, Arthur. 1983. “Rawls and left criticism.” Political Theory 11 (Feb.): 53–78.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael 1983a. Kant, liberal legacies and foreign affairs. Part I. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (3): 205–35.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael 1983b. Kant, liberal legacies and foreign affairs. Part II. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (4): 323–53.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael 1997. Ways of war and peace. New York: W.W. Norton.
Duverger, Maurice. 1963. Political parties: Their organization and activity in the modern state. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Dworkin, Ronald. [1973] 1989. The original position. In Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Dworkin, Ronald. [1973] 1981a. What is equality? Part 1: Equality of welfare. Philosophy and Public Affairs 10 (3): 185–246.Google Scholar
Dworkin, Ronald. [1973] 1981b. What is equality? Part 2: Equality of resources. Philosophy and Public Affairs 10 (4): 283–345.Google Scholar
Estlund, David. 1988. Debate: Liberalism, equality, and fraternity in Cohen's critique of Rawls. Journal of Political Philosophy 6 (1): 99–112.Google Scholar
Feldman, S., and M.R. Steenbergen. 2001. The humanitarian foundation of support for social welfare. American Journal of Political Science 45 (3): 658–77.Google Scholar
Fish, Stanley. 1999. The trouble with principle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fisk, Milton. 1989. History and reason in Rawls' moral theory. In Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Fiss, Owen. 2002. Groups and the equal protection clause. Issues in Legal Scholarship. The Berkeley Electronic Press, www.bepress.com.
Foster, Sheila. 2004. Rawls, race, and reason. Fordham Law Review 72:1715.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1979. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Fraser, Nancy. 1997. Justice interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition. New York: Routledge.
Fraser, Nancy. 2003. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. In Redistribution or recognition? A political philosophical exchange, eds. Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth. New York: Verso.
Freedom House. 2003. Freedom House Country Reports, 2003, http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2003/countries.html.
Freedom House. 2004. Freedom in the world, 2004. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=15&year=2004.
Freeman, Samuel. 1990. Reason and agreement in social contract views. Philosophy and public affairs 19 (2): 122–57.Google Scholar
Freeman, Samuel. 1999. Editor's Preface. In John Rawls: Collected papers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Freeman, Samuel. 2000. Deliberative democracy: A sympathetic comment. Philosophy and Public Affairs 29 (4): 371–418.Google Scholar
Freeman, Samuel. 2003. Introduction. Cambridge companion to Rawls, ed. Samuel Freeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, Samuel. 2005. The Law of Peoples, social cooperation, human rights, and distributive justice. Manuscript, University of Pennsylvania.
Galbraith, James K. 2002. A perfect crime: Inequality in the age of globalization. Daedalus 131 (1): 11–25.Google Scholar
Galston, William A. 1989. Pluralism and social unity. Ethics 99 (4): 711–26.Google Scholar
Galston, William A. 2002. Liberal pluralism: The implications of value pluralism for political theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gaus, Gerald. 1999. Reasonable pluralism and the domain of the political. Inquiry 42 (2): 259–84.Google Scholar
Gauthier, David. 1977. The social contract as ideology. Philosophy & Public Affairs 6 (2): 130–64.Google Scholar
George, Robert P. 2001. The clash of orthodoxies: Law, religion, and morality in crisis. Wilmington: ISI Books.
Green, Donald, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler. 2002. Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gudridge, Patrick. 2001. The Law of Peoples. American Journal of International Law 95 (3): 714–20.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 1996. Democracy and disagreement: Why moral conflict cannot be avoided in politics and what to do about it. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2001. The inclusion of other: Studies in political theory. Eds. Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Hampshire, Stuart. 1993. Liberalism: The new twist. New York Review of Books, August 12, 43–47.
Hampton, Jean. 1989. Should political philosophy be done without metaphysics? Ethics 99 (4): 791–814.Google Scholar
Hardin, Russell. 2003. Indeterminacy and society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Harsanyi, John C. 1975. Can the maximin principle serve as a basis for morality? A critique of John Rawls's theory. American Political Science Review 69 (2): 594–606.Google Scholar
Hart, H.L.A. 1989 [1973]. Rawls on liberty and its priority. In Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hauptmann, Emily. 2004. A local history of ‘The Political’. Political Theory 32 (1): 34–60.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer. 1981. What's fair? American beliefs about distributive justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hofstadter, Richard. 1969. The idea of a party system: The rise of legitimate opposition in the United States, 1780–1840. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Honig, Bonnie. 1993. Political theory and the displacement of politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hume, David. 1985 [1777]. Of Parties in General. In Essays moral, political, and literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
Ivison, Duncan. 2002. Postcolonial liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, Peter. 1996. International human rights: Philosophical and political. In National rights, international obligations, eds. Simon Caney, David George, and Peter Jones. Boulder, CO: Westview Press:.
Kant, Immanuel. 1970. Perpetual Peace. In Kant's Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Katzman, Kenneth. 2003. The Persian Gulf: Issues for U.S. policy, 2003. Report for Congress: February 3. U.S. Congressional Research Service.
Kelly, Erin. 2001. Editor's Foreword. In Justice as fairness: A restatement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kittay, Eva Feder. 1999. Love's labor: Essays on women, equality, and dependency. New York: Routledge.
Kittay, Eva Feder, and Ellen Feder. 2003. The subject of care. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Klosko, George. 1997. Political constructivism in Rawls's Political Liberalism. American Political Science Review 91 (3): 635–46.Google Scholar
Krause, Sharon. 2005. Desiring justice: Motivation and justification in Rawls and Habermas. Contemporary Political Theory 4 (4): 363–85.Google Scholar
Kreide, Regina. 2002. Book reviews of Law of Peoples by John Rawls and Collected Papers by John Rawls. Constellations 9 (4): 599–605.Google Scholar
Krouse, Richard, and Michael McPherson. 1988. Capitalism, property-owning democracy, and the welfare state. In Democracy and the welfare state, ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kukathas, Chandran, and Philip Pettit. 1990. Rawls: A Theory of Justice and its critics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Kuper, Andrew. 2000. Rawlsian global justice: Beyond the law of peoples to a cosmopolitan law of persons. Political Theory 28 (5): 640–74.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 1988. Rawls on teleology and deontology. Philosophy and Public Affairs 17 (3): 173–90.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 1989. Liberalism, community, and culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will. 2002. Contemporary political philosophy: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Laden, Anthony. 2003. The house that Jack built: Thirty years of reading Rawls. Ethics 113 (2): 367–90.Google Scholar
Lane, R. E. 1962. Political ideology: Why the American common man believes what he does. New York: The Free Press.
Larmore, Charles. 1987. Patterns of moral complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macedo, Stephen. 2004. What self-governing peoples owe to one another: Universalism, diversity, and the law of the peoples. Fordham Law Review 72: 101–17.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1981. After virtue. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Manin, Bernard. 1997. The principles of representative government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marx, Karl. 1972. Critique of the Gotha Program. In Selected Works of Marx and Engels. New York: International Publishers.
McCarthy, Thomas. 1994. Kantian constructivism and reconstructivism: Rawls and Habermas in dialogue. Ethics 105 (1): 44–63.Google Scholar
McClosky, H., and J. Zaller. 1984. The American ethos: Public attitudes toward capitalism and democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Meade, James. 1964. Efficiency, equality, and the ownership of property. London: Allen and Unwin.
Mill, John Stuart. 1977 [1859]. On liberty. In Essays on Politics and Society, ed. J. M. Robson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Miller, Richard. 1989 [1974]. Rawls and Marxism. In Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Miller, David. 1995. On nationality. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Miller, David. 1998. The limits of cosmopolitan justice. In International society: diverse ethical perspectives, eds. David R. Mapel and Terry Nardin. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Miller, David. 1999. Principles of social justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Mills, Charles. 1997. The racial contract. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Moellendorf, Darrel. 1996. Constructing the law of peoples. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly: 132–54.Google Scholar
Moon, Donald. 2003. The current state of political theory: Pluralism and reconciliation. In What is political theory, eds. Stephen K. White and J. Donald Moon. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Moon, J. Donald. 1993. Constructing community: Moral pluralism and tragic conflict. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mouffe, Chantal. 2000. The democratic paradox. New York: Verso.
Murphy, Liam B. 1998. Institutions and the demands of justice. Philosophy and Public Affairs 27 (4): 251–91.Google Scholar
Murphy, Liam B. 2000. Moral demands in nonideal theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nagel, Thomas. 1989 [1973]. Rawls on Justice. In Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Nagel, Thomas. 1987. Moral conflict and political legitimacy. Philosophy and Public Affairs 16 (3): 215–40.Google Scholar
Nagel, Thomas. 1991. Equality and partiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nagel, Thomas. 2005. The Problem of global justice. Philosophy and Public Affairs 33 (2): 113–47.Google Scholar
Neal, Patrick. 1993. Vulgar liberalism. Political Theory 21 (4): 623–42.Google Scholar
Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, state and utopia. New York: Basic Books.
O'Neill, Onora. 1975. Lifeboat earth. Philosophy and Public Affairs 4 (3): 273–92.Google Scholar
O'Neill, Onora. 1996. Towards Justice and Virtue: A constructive account of practical reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Okin, Susan Moller. 1989a. Gender, justice and the family. Basic Books: New York.
Okin, Susan Moller. 1989b. Reason and feeling in thinking about justice. Ethics 99 (2): 229–49.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan Moller. 1994. Political liberalism, justice, and gender. Ethics 105 (1): 23–43.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan Moller. 2004. Justice and gender: An unfinished debate. Fordham Law Review 72: 1537–67.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan Moller. 2005. Forty acres and a mule for women: Rawls and feminism. Politics, Philosophy, Economics 4 (2): 233–48.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carole. 1988. The sexual contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Phillips, Anne. 2004. Defending equality of outcome. Journal of Political Philosophy 12 (1): 1–19.Google Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. W. 1989. Realizing Rawls. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Pogge, Thomas. W. 1994. An egalitarian law of peoples. Philosophy and Public Affairs 23 (3): 195–224.Google Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. W. 2000. On the site of distributive justice: Reflections on Cohen and Murphy. Philosophy and Public Affairs 29 (2): 137–69.Google Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. W. 2001a. Priorities of global justice. In Global Justice, ed. Thomas Pogge. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Pogge, Thomas. W. 2001b. Rawls on international justice. Philosophical Quarterly 51 (203): 246–53.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1958. Justice as fairness. Philosophical Review 67 (2): 164–94.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1999 [1971]. A theory of justice, revised edition, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, John. 1980. Kantian constructivism in moral theory. Journal of Philosophy 77 (9): 515–72.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1985. Justice as fairness: Political not metaphysical. Philosophy and Public Affairs 14 (3): 223–51.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1987. The idea of an overlapping consensus. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 7 (1): 1–25.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1993. The law of peoples. In On Human Rights, eds. Stephen Shute and Susan Hurley. New York: Basic Books.
Rawls, John. 1996 [1993]. Political liberalism, paperback edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, John. 1999. The law of peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, John. 1999. The idea of public reason revisited. In Collected Papers, ed. Samuel Freeman. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Originally published in University of Chicago Law Review I 64 (Summer 1997): 765–807.
Rawls, John. 2000. Lectures on the history of moral philosophy, ed. Barbara Herman. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, John. 2001. Justice as fairness: A restatement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Raz, Joseph. 1990. Facing diversity: The case of epistemic abstinence. Philosophy and Public Affairs 19 (1): 3–46.Google Scholar
Reidy, David. 2000. Rawls's wide view of public reason: Not wide enough. Res Publica 6 (1): 49–72.Google Scholar
Richardson, Henry, ed. 1999. The two principles and their justification. New York: Garland Publishers.
Richardson, Henry, and Paul Weithman, eds. 1999. The philosophy of Rawls: A collection of essays. 5 vols. New York: Garland Publishers.
Riphenburg, Carol J. 1998. Oman: Political development in a changing world. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Rorty, Richard. 1979. Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rorty, Richard. 1983. “Postmodern bourgeois liberalism.” Journal of Philosophy 80 (10): 583–89.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, Nancy L. 1998. Membership and morals. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sandel, Michael. 1982. Liberalism and the limits of justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sandel, Michael. 1984. The procedural republic and the unencumbered self. Political Theory 12 (1): 81–96.Google Scholar
Scanlon, T.M. 1989. Rawls' Theory of Justice. In Reading Rawls: Critical studies on Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party government. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, Inc.
Scheffler, Samuel. 1992. Responsibility, reactive attitudes, and liberalism in philosophy and politics. Philosophy and Public Affairs 21: 299–323.Google Scholar
Scheffler, Samuel. 1994. The appeal of political liberalism. Ethics 105 (1): 4–22.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1990. Justice: Means versus freedoms. Philosophy and Public Affairs 19 (2): 111–21.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Ian. 1999. Democratic justice. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Shapiro, Ian. 2003. The moral foundations of politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Shiffman, Gary. 2002. Construing disagreement: Consensus and invective in “constitutional” debate. Political Theory 30 (2): 175–203.Google Scholar
Silvers, Anita. 1998. Formal justice. In Disability, Difference, Discrimination: Perspectives on Justice in Bioethics and Public Policy, eds. Anita Silvers, David Wasserman, Mary B. Mahowald. Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield.
Singer, Peter. 1972. Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (3): 229–43.Google Scholar
Singer, Peter. 2002. One world: The ethics of globalization. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Smiley, Marion. 2004. Democratic citizenship v. patriarchy: A feminist perspective on Rawls. Fordham Law Review 72: 1599.Google Scholar
South Commission. 1991. The challenge to the south. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sterba, James P. 1977. Retributive justice. Political Theory 5 (3): 349–62.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Kathleen M. 1998. Against campaign finance reform. Utah Law Review 311.Google Scholar
Talisse, Robert. 2001. On Rawls: A liberal theory of justice and justification. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Talisse, Robert. 2005. Democracy after liberalism: Pragmatism and deliberative politics. New York: Routledge.
Tan, K.C. 2001. Critical notice of John Rawls, The Law of Peoples. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 31 (1) 113–32.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 1994 [1992]. The politics of recognition. In Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2000 [1835, 1840]. Democracy in America, ed. and tr. Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tucker, Robert W. 1975. The inequality of nations. New York: Basic Books.
UN Millennium Project. 2005. Investing in development: A practical plan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. New York: Earthscan.
Waldron, Jeremy. 1993 [1986]. John Rawls and the social minimum. In Liberal rights: Collected papers 1981–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wallach, John R. 1987. Liberals, communitarians, and the tasks of political theory. Political Theory 15 (4): 581–611.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of justice. New York: Basic Books.
Walzer, Michael. 1984. Liberalism and the art of separation. Political Theory 12 (3): 315–30.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 1990. The communitarian critique of liberalism. Political Theory 18 (1): 6–23.Google Scholar
Warner, Michael. 1999. The trouble with normal: Sex, politics and the ethics of queer life. New York: The Free Press.
Weithman, Paul. 2002. Religion and the obligations of citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wenar, Leif. 1995. Political liberalism: An internal critique. Ethics 106 (1): 32–62.Google Scholar
Westie, F.R. 1965. The American dilemma: An empirical test. American Sociological Review 30 (4): 527–38.Google Scholar
White, Stephen. 2000. Sustaining affirmation: The strengths of weak ontology in political theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
White, Stephen, ed. 2002. Political Theory 30 (August): 471–619.
White, Stephen, and Donald Moon, eds. 2004. What is political theory? London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Williams, Andrew. 1999. Egalitarian justice and interpersonal comparison. European Journal of Political Research 35 (4): 445–64.Google Scholar
Wolf, Susan. 1982. Moral saints. Ethics 79 (August): 419–39.Google Scholar
Wolin, Sheldon. 1996. The liberal/democratic divide: On Rawls's Political Liberalism. Political Theory 24 (1): 97–142.Google Scholar
Wolterstorff, Nicholas. 1997. The role of religion in decision and discussion of political issues. In Religion in the public square, eds. Robert Audi and Nicholas Wolterstorff. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
World Commission on the Social Dimensions of Globalization. 2004. A fair globalization: Creating opportunities for all. Geneva: I.L.O.
Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Young, Iris Marion. 1997. Reflections on families in the age of Murphy Brown: On justice, gender and sexuality. In Intersecting voices: Dilemmas of gender, political philosophy and policy, ed. Iris Marion Young. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Young, Iris Marion. 2001. Equality of whom?—Social groups and judgments of injustice. Journal of Political Philosophy 9 (1): 1–18.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2002. Status inequality and social groups. In Issues in Legal Scholarship, ed. Robert Post. Berkeley: Berkeley Electronic Press.
Young, Iris Marion. 2003. Political responsibility and structural injustice. The Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas.
Young, Iris Marion. 2005. On female body experience. New York: Oxford University Press.
Young, Iris Marion. Forthcoming. The recognition of love's labor: Considering Axel Honneth's feminism. In Recognition and power, eds. Bert Van der Brink and David Owen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.