Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T15:13:33.632Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The phonetic interpretation of headed phonological structures containing overlapping constituents*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2008

John Coleman
John Coleman
Affiliation:
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In this paper I shall present a theory of phonetic interpretation of headed phonological representations. The phonological representations in question are non-segmental, hierarchical, graphical objects similar to those in common use in autosegmental, metrical, dependency and ‘government and charm’ phonology, although the details of the phonological formalism I employ are different in some respects from each of these. The theory of phonetic interpretation is based on a parametric, dynamic model of phonetic representation. The distinction between ‘head’ and ‘non-head’ constituents is central to the phonetic interpretation model. As well as being formally explicit, I have developed a computational implementation of this theory, constituting a novel speech synthesis program, ‘YorkTalk’. Consequently, although the theory, like any other, is likely to contain certain faults, it goes beyond pencil-and-paper phonological theories, in that it is capable of algorithmically generating quite natural-sounding speech-like signals of a superior quality to other methods of generating synthetic speech, albeit only for isolated words.

Type
Articles
Information
Phonology , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , May 1992 , pp. 1 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, J., Hunnicutt, M. S. & Klatt, D. (1987). From text to speech: the MITalk system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. & Jones, C. (1974). Three theses concerning phonological representations. JL 10. 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. (1986). The limits of linearity. In Anderson, J. & Durand, J. (eds.) Explorations in dependency phonology. Dordrecht: Foris. 199–220.Google Scholar
Bach, E. & Wheeler, D. (1981). Montague phonology: a first approximation. University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 7. 27–45.Google Scholar
Bell-Berti, F. & Harris, S. (1979). Anticipatory coarticulation: some implications from a study of lip rounding. JASA 65. 1268–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, S. (1990a). Prosodic morphology and constraint-based phonology. Edinburgh Research Papers in Cognitive Science EUCCS/RP-38.Google Scholar
Bird, S. (1990b). Constraint-based phonology. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Bird, S. (1991a). Feature structures and indices. Phonology 8. 137–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, S. (ed.) (1991b). Declarative perspectives on phonology. Edinburgh: Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Bird, S. & Blackburn, P. (1991). A logical approach to Arabic phonology. In Bird (1991b). 79–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, S. & Klein, E. (1990). Phonological events. JL 26. 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booij, G. & Rubach, J. (1984). Morphological and prosodic domains in Lexical Phonology. Phonology Yearbook 1. 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broe, M. (1992). An introduction to feature geometry. In Docherty & Ladd (1992). 149–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. (1985). Dynamic modeling of phonetic structure. In Fromkin, V. A. (ed.) Phonetic linguistics: essays in honour of Peter Ladefoged. Orlando, Fl.: Academic Press. 35–53.Google Scholar
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. (1986). Towards an articulatory phonology. Phonology Yearbook 3. 219–252.Google Scholar
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. (1987). Tiers in articulatory phonology, with some implications for casual speech. Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research SR-92. 1–30. Also in Kingston & Beckman (1990). 341–376.Google Scholar
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. (1992). ‘Targetless’ schwa: an articulatory analysis. In Docherty & Ladd (1992). 26–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, C. E. (1988). Phonotactics, markedness and lexical representation. Phonology 5. 209–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, J. & Bird, S. (1991). Defaults in underspecification phonology. In Bird (1991b). 107–125.Google Scholar
Campbell, L. (1974). Phonological features: problems and proposals. Lg 50. 52–65.Google Scholar
Cheng, R. L. (1971). Phonological units and the Japanese syllabary. University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics 3. 37–53. Also in M. D. Kinkade, K. L. Hale & O. Werner (eds.) (1975). Linguistics and anthropology: in honor of C. F. Voegelin. Lisse: Peter de Ridder. 67–85.Google Scholar
Cheng, R. L. (1977). Economy and locational information in phonology. Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1972). Studies on semantics in generative grammar. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Clements, G. N. (1985). The geometry of phonological features. Phonology Yearbook 2. 225–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, G. N. & Keyser, S. J. (1983). CV phonology: a generative theory of the syllable. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1990). Unification phonology: another look at ‘synthesis-by-rule’. In Karlgren, H. (ed.) Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 90). Vol. 3. International Committee on Computational Linguistics. 79–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1991). Non-pitch exponents of accent and structure in Japanese. York Papers in Linguistics 15. 41–92.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (forthcoming a). ‘Synthesis-by-rule’ without segments or rewrite-rules. To appear in Bailly, G. & Benoit, C. (eds.) Talking machines: theories, models, and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (forthcoming b). Phonetic interpretation of polysyllabic words in the YorkTalk synthesis system. Paper presented at the 3rd Conference on Laboratory Phonology, UCLA, 1991.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (forthcoming c). Declarative Lexical Phonology. To appear in Katamba, F. & Durand, J. (eds.) Frontiers of phonology: primitives, architectures and derivations. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Dirksen, A. & Quené, H. (1991). Prosodic analysis: the next generation. In van Heuven, V. J. and Pols, L. (eds.) Analysis and synthesis of speech. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Docherty, G. & Ladd, D. R. (eds.) (1992). Papers in Laboratory Phonology II: gesture, segment, prosody. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowty, D. R., Wall, R. E. & Peters, S. (1981). Introduction to Montague Semantics. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Evans, R. (1987). Towards a formal specification for defaults in GPSG. In Klein, E. & van Benthem, J. (eds.) Categories, polymorphism and unification. Edinburgh: Centre for Cognitive Science & Amsterdam: Institute for Language, Logic and Information. 73–93.Google Scholar
Ewen, C. J. (1982). The internal structure of complex segments. In van der Hulst, H. & Smith, N. (eds.) The structure of phonological representations. Part 2. Dordrecht:Foris. 27–67.Google Scholar
Fant, G. (1969). Stops in CV-syllables. Quarterly Progress and Status Reports, Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 4. 1–25. Also in G. Fant (1973). Speech sounds and features. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 110–139.Google Scholar
Firth, J. R. (1937). The structure of the Chinese monosyllable in a Hunanese dialect. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8. 1055–1074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, J. (1977). Foundations of theoretical phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. A. (1980). Coarticulation and theories of extrinsic timing. JPh 8. 113–133.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. A. (1983). Converging sources of evidence on spoken and perceived rhythms of speech: cyclic production of vowels in monosyllabic stress feet. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112. 386–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, C. A., Rubin, P., Remez, R. E. & Turvey, M. T. (1980). Implications for speech production of a general theory of action. In Butterworth, B. (ed.) Language production. Vol. 1: Speech and talk. London: Academic Press. 373–420.Google Scholar
Fudge, E. C. (1969). Syllables. JL 5. 253–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fudge, E. C. (1987). Branching structure within the syllable. JL 23. 359–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, T. (1977). Articulatory movements in VCV sequences. JASA 62. 182–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gazdar, G., Klein, E., Pullum, G. & Sag, I. (1985). Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gazdar, G., Pullum, G. & Sag, I. (1982). Auxiliaries and related phenomena in a restrictive theory of grammar. Lg 58. 591–638.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, J. A. (1976). Autosegmental phonology. Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, J. A. (1990). Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Griffen, T. D. (1985). Aspects of dynamic phonology. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halle, M. (1983). On distinctive features and their articulatory implementation. NLLT 1. 91–105.Google Scholar
Halle, M. & Mohanan, K. P. (1985). Segmental phonology of Modern English. LI 16. 57–116.Google Scholar
Harris, J. & Kaye, J. (1990). A tale of two cities: London glottalling and New York City tapping. The Linguistic Review 7. 251–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, B. (1990). Diphthongisation and coindexing. Phonology 7. 31–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hockett, C. F. (1955). A manual of phonology. Baltimore: Waverly Press.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. S. (1972). Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R., Fant, C. G. M. & Halle, M. (1951). Preliminaries to speech analysis: the distinctive features and their correlates. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. & Waugh, L. (1979). The sound shape of language. Brighton: Harvester Press.Google Scholar
Kaye, J., Lowenstamm, J. & Vergnaud, J.-R. (1985). The internal structure of phonological elements: a theory of charm and government. Phonology Yearbook 2. 305–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, P. A. (1988). The phonology-phonetics interface. In Newmeyer, F. (ed.) The Cambridge linguistic survey. Vol. 1: Linguistic theory: foundations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 281–302.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. & Local, J. K. (1986). Long-domain resonance patterns in English. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Input/Output: Techniques and Applications. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers. 304–309.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. & Local, J. K. (1989). Doing phonology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S., Saltzman, E. L. & Tuller, B. (1986). The dynamical perspective on speech production: data and theory. JPh 14. 29–59.Google Scholar
Kewley-Port, D. (1982). Measurement of formant transitions in naturally produced stop consonant-vowel syllables. JASA 72. 379–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kingston, J. & Beckman, M. E. (eds.) (1990). Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: between the grammar and the physics of speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiparsky, P. (1979). Metrical structure assignment is cyclic. LI 10. 421–442.Google Scholar
Klatt, D. H. (1980). Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer. JASA 67. 971–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladefoged, P. (1980). What are linguistic sounds made of? Lg 56. 485–502.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, P. (1990). On dividing phonetics and phonology: comments on the papers by Clements and by Browman and Goldstein. In Kingston & Beckman (1990). 398–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, R. (1988). The shape of English. London: Dent.Google Scholar
Liberman, A. M., Cooper, F. S., Shankweiler, D. P. & Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967). Perception of the speech code. Pyschological Review 74. 431–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberman, M. Y. & Prince, A. (1977). On stress and linguistic rhythm. LI 8. 249–336.Google Scholar
Lindau, M. & Ladefoged, P. (1986). Variability of feature specifications. In Perkell, J. S. & Klatt, D. H. (eds.) Invariance and variability in speech processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 464–479.Google Scholar
Lisker, L. (1986). ‘Voicing’ in English: a catalogue of acoustic features signaling /b/ versus /p/ in trochees. Language and Speech 29. 3–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Local, J. K. (1992). Modelling assimilation in non-segmental rule-free synthesis. In Docherty & Ladd (1992). 190–223.Google Scholar
Mattingley, I. G. (1981). Phonetic representation and speech synthesis by rule. In Myers, T., Laver, J. & Anderson, J. (eds.) The cognitive representation of speech. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 415–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mermelstein, P. (1973). Articulatory model for the study of speech production. JASA 53. 1070–1082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nespor, M. & Vogel, I. (1986). Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Newmeyer, F. (1980). Linguistic theory in America: the first quarter-century of transformational generative grammar. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Öhman, S. E. G. (1966). Coarticulation in VCV utterances: spectrographic measurements. JASA 39. 151–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pereira, F. C. N. & Warren, D. H. D. (1980). Definite clause grammars for language analysis - a survey of the formalism and a comparison with augmented transition networks. Artificial Intelligence 13. 231–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkell, J. S. (1969). Physiology of speech production: results and implications of a quantitative cineradiographic study. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Scobbie, J. M. (1991). Attribute value phonology. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Selkirk, E. O. (1984a). Phonology and syntax: the relation between sound and structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Selkirk, E. O. (1984b). On the major class features and syllable theory. In Aronoff, M. & Oehrle, R. (eds.) Language sound structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 107–136.Google Scholar
Shieber, S. M. (1986). An introduction to unification-based approaches to grammar. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar
Sproat, R. & Fujimura, O. (ms). Allophonic variation in English /1/ and its implications for phonetic implementation.Google Scholar
Thomason, R. H. (1976). Some extensions of Montague Grammar. In Partee, B. H. (ed.) Montague Grammar. New York: Academic Press. 75–117.Google Scholar
Trubetzkoy, N. S. (1969). Principles of phonology. Translated by Baltaxe, C. A. M.. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Vincent, N. (1986). Constituency and syllable structure. In Durand, J. (ed.) Dependency and non-linear phonology. London: Croom Helm. 305–318.Google Scholar
Wheeler, D. (1981). Aspects of a categorial theory of phonology. Amherst, Mass.: Graduate Linguistics Student Association, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Wheeler, D. (1988). Consequences of some categorially-motivated phonological assumptions. In Oehrle, R. T., Bach, E. & Wheeler, D. (eds.) Categorial grammars and natural language structures. Dordrecht: Reidel. 467–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshioka, H., Löfqvist, A. & Hirose, H. (1981). Laryngeal adjustments in the production of consonant clusters and geminates in American English. JASA 70. 1615–1623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar