Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T01:29:11.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The acceptance of low prestige

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Joseph M. Whitmeyer*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, jwhitmey@uncc.edu
Get access

Abstract

I employ a simulation model previously used to analyze the choice of top members in a hierarchy to examine the acceptance of low prestige in a group of possibly large size. Results show that acceptance of low rank is most likely when the collective benefit available is mostly nonrival and nonexcludable and has low additivity (every contribution helps), and the ability of even low ability group members to contribute is high in absolute terms. I discuss possible mechanisms, through genetic or behavioral selection, by which the capacity to believe in one's own low rank may have developed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Brennan, Geoffrey and Pettit, Phillip, The Economy of Esteem: An Essay on Civil and Political Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Frank, Robert H., Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).Google Scholar
3.Gould, Roger V., Collision of Wills: How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).Google Scholar
4.Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Viking, 1918 [1899]).Google Scholar
5.Wright, Robert, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994).Google Scholar
6.Brown, Donald E., Human Universals (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
7.Dumont, Louis, Homo hierarchicus: An Essay on the Caste System (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).Google Scholar
8.Brown, Human Universals.Google Scholar
9.Whitmeyer, Joseph M., “Prestige from the provision of collective goods,” Social Forces, 2007, 85(4):17651786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Frohlich, Norman, Oppenheimer, Joe A., and Young, Oran R., Political Leadership and Collective Goods (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971).Google Scholar
11.Hull, David L., Science and Selection: Essays on Biological Evolution and the Philosophy of Science (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
12.Some types of information, for example, about a job opening, may be fairly rival.Google Scholar
13.Goode, William J., The Celebration Of Heroes: Prestige As A Social Control System (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.See expectation states research, e.g., Berger, Joseph, Fisek, M. Hamit, Norman, Robert Z., and Zelditch, Morris Jr., Status Characteristics and Social Interaction (New York: Elsevier, 1977).Google Scholar
15.I also assume that the groups are human. Nothing in the model implies it could not hold for hierarchy formation in other species, but I do not address that here.Google Scholar
16.de Waal, Frans B. M., Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
17.Coleman, James S., Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).Google Scholar
18.Goode, , The Celebration Of Heroes.Google Scholar
19.Homans, George C., Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974).Google Scholar
20.Blau, Peter M., The Dynamics of Bureaucracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955).Google Scholar
21.Price, Mark, “Pro-community altruism and social status in a shuar village,” Human Nature 2003, 14:191208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Ostrom, Elinor, “Context and collective action: Common goods provision in multiple arenas,” in Common Goods: Reinventing European and International Governance, Héritier, Adrienne, ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).Google Scholar
23.Marwell, Gerald and Oliver, Pamela, The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
24.Henrich, Joseph and Gil-White, Francisco J., “The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission,” Evolution and Human Behavior 2001, 22:165196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Mayhew, Bruce H. and Levinger, Roger L., “On the emergence of oligarchy in human interaction,” American Journal of Sociology 1976, 81:10171049.Google Scholar
26.Mark, Noah, “Beyond individual differences: Social differentiation from first principles,” American Sociological Review 1998, 63:309330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Gould, Roger V., “The origins of status hierarchies: A formal theory and empirical test,” American Journal of Sociology 2002, 107:11431178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Whitmeyer, “Prestige from the provision of collective goods.”Google Scholar
29.Heckathorn, D. D., “Collective sanctions and compliance norms: A formal theory of group-mediated social control,” American Sociological Review 1990, 55:366383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Skvoretz, John and Fararo, Thomas J., “Status and participation in task groups: A dynamic network model,” American Journal of Sociology 1996, 101:13661414.Google Scholar
31.Hardin, Russell, Collective Action (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Marwell and Oliver, The Critical Mass in Collective Action.Google Scholar
33.Huberman, B., Loch, C., and Önçüler, A., “Status as a valued resource,” Social Psychology Quarterly 2004, 67(1): 103114.Google Scholar
34.Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class.Google Scholar
35.Under the given conditions, including low uncertainty concerning people's ability to deliver the collective benefit, and no relevant divergence of interests within the group, to get consensus in more than 50 percent of groups, rivalness must be less than 0.4 (measured on a 0–1 index) for groups of size greater than 50. A lower level of rivalness — 0.2 or less — results in consensus in at least 90 percent of groups for the same threshold. These results can change somewhat with the total amount of collective benefit.Google Scholar
36.Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class.Google Scholar
37.Skvoretz, John, Webster, Murray Jr., and Whitmeyer, Joseph M., “Status orders in task discussion groups,” in Advances in Group Processes, Thye, S. R., Lawler, E. J., Macy, M. M., and Walker, H. A., eds. (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999), pp. 199208.Google Scholar
38.Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class.Google Scholar
39.Hull, Science and Selection.Google Scholar
40.Boyd, R. and Richerson, P. J., Culture and the Evolutionary Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).Google Scholar
41.Henrich, Joseph and Boyd, Robert, “The evolution of conformist transmission and between-group differences,” Evolution and Human Behavior 1998, 19:215242.Google Scholar
42.Williams, George C., Evolution through Group Selection (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 1986).Google Scholar
43.Rauch, Erik M., Sayama, Hiroki, and Bar-Yam, Yaneer, “Dynamics and genealogy of strains in spatially extended host-pathogen models,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 2003, 221:655664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Frohlich, Oppenheimer, and Young, Political Leadership and Collective Goods.Google Scholar
45.Hirschman, Albert O., Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).Google Scholar
46.Bonacich, Edna, “A theory of ethnic antagonism: The split labor market,” American Sociological Review 1972, 37:547559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes.Google Scholar
48.Kohn, Melvin L. and Schooler, Carmi, Work and Personality (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1983).Google Scholar
49.LeDoux, Joseph, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (New York: Viking, 2002).Google Scholar
50.Whitmeyer, “Prestige from the provision of collective goods.”Google Scholar