Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:52:54.714Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Decomposed: a political ecology of music

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2015

Kyle Devine*
Affiliation:
Department of Musicology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1017 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway E-mail: k.r.devine@imv.uio.no

Abstract

This article is about what recordings are made of, and about what happens to those recordings when they are disposed of. It inscribes a history of recorded music in three main materials: shellac, plastic and data. These materials constitute the five most prevalent recording formats since 1900: 78s, LPs, cassettes, CDs and MP3s. The goal is to forge a political ecology of the evolving relationship between popular music and sound technology, which accounts not only for human production and consumption but also material manufacture and disposal. Such an orientation is useful for developing an analytical framework that is adequate to the complexities of the global material–cultural flows in which the recorded music commodity is constituted and deconstituted. It also strives towards a more responsible way of thinking about the relationship between popular music's cultural and economic value, on the one hand, and its environmental cost, on the other.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acland, C. (ed.) 2007. Residual Media (Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press)Google Scholar
Acland, C. 2014. ‘Dirt Research for Media Industries’, Media Industries Journal, 1/1, pp. 610 Google Scholar
Adorno, T., and Horkheimer, M. 1972. Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York, Herder and Herder)Google Scholar
Allen, A. 2012. ‘Stradivari's violins and the musical trees of the Paneveggio’, in Invaluable Trees: Cultures of Nature, 1660–1830, ed. Auricchio, L., Cook, E. Heckendorn and Pacini, G. (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Allen, A. 2013. ‘Ecomusicology’, in The Grove Dictionary of American Music (New York, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Allen, A., and Dawe, K. (ed.) 2015. Current Directions in Ecomusicology: Music, Nature, Environment (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Allen, A., Grimley, D.M., Von Glahn, D., Watkins, H., and Rehding, A. 2011. ‘Colloquy on Ecomusicology’, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 64/2, pp. 391424 Google Scholar
Allen, A., Titon, J.T., and Von Glahn, D. 2014. ‘Sustainability and sound: ecomusicology inside and outside the academy’, Music and Politics, 8/2, pp. 126 Google Scholar
Almquist, S. 1987. ‘Sound recordings and the library’, Occasional Paper No. 179 (Graduate School of Library and Information Sciences, University of Illinois)Google Scholar
Anon. 1913. The Story of Shellac (New York, William Zinsser)Google Scholar
Anon. 1919. ‘Shellac importers are worried’, Talking Machine World, 15/12, p. 42 Google Scholar
Anon. 1920. ‘The shellac market – conditions affecting supply’, Talking Machine World, 16/4, p. 69 Google Scholar
Anon. 1942a. ‘Old records yield valuable shellac’, Hamilton Spectator, 18 AugustGoogle Scholar
Anon. 1942b. ‘Diskers ready new plans’, Billboard, 54/17, pp. 68, 74Google Scholar
Anon. 1942c. ‘Diskers eye WPB action’, Billboard, 54/26, p. 70 Google Scholar
Anon. 1942d. ‘Financial journal features news of shellac situation and prices’, Billboard, 54/44, pp. 62, 68Google Scholar
Anon. 1949. ‘Plastics in the making of phonograph records’, Plastics, 9/2, p. 5 Google Scholar
Anon. 1974. ‘Tape industry shortage eases; benefits gained’, Billboard, 15 June, p. 3, CES-12-13Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. (ed.) 1986. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. 2006. ‘The thing itself’, Public Culture, 18/ 1, pp. 1521 Google Scholar
Auslander, P. 2002. Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Barad, K. 2003. ‘Posthumanist performativity: toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter’, Signs, 28/3, pp. 801–31Google Scholar
Barry, A. 2005. ‘Pharmaceutical matters: the invention of informed materials’, Theory, Culture and Society, 22/1, pp. 5169 Google Scholar
Barry, A. 2013. Material Politics: Disputes Along the Pipeline (Oxford, Wiley Blackwell)Google Scholar
Bartmanski, D., and Woodward, I. 2014. Vinyl: The Analogue Record in the Digital Age (New York, Bloomsbury)Google Scholar
Becker, H. 1982. Art Worlds (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press)Google Scholar
Behr, A. 2015. ‘Cultural policy and creative industries’, in The Routledge Reader on the Sociology of Music, ed. Shepherd, J. and Devine, K. (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Benjamin, W. 1968. ‘The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction’, in Illuminations, ed. Benjamin, W., Arendt, H. and Zohn, H. (New York, Harcourt, Brace and World)Google Scholar
Bennett, J. 2010. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (Durham, NC, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Bennett, T., Savage, M., Silva, E., Warde, A., Gayo-Cal, M., and Wright, D. 2009. Culture, Class, Distinction (Abingdon, Routledge)Google Scholar
Bensaude-Vincent, B., and Stengers, I. 1996. A History of Chemistry (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press)Google Scholar
Berenbaum, M. 1993. Ninety-Nine More Maggots, Mites and Munchers (Champaign, IL, University of Illinois Press)Google Scholar
Berkhout, F., and Hertin, J. 2004. ‘De-materialising and re-materialising: digital technologies and the environment’, Futures, 36/8, pp. 903–20Google Scholar
Bijker, W. 1995. Of Bicycles, Bakelites and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press)Google Scholar
Block, D.G. 1998. ‘The raw-material world: polycarbonate supply barely meets demand’, Billboard, 15 August, pp. 60, 62, 64Google Scholar
Blum, A. 2012. Tubes: Behind the Scenes at the Internet (Harmondsworth, Penguin)Google Scholar
Born, G. 2005. ‘On musical mediation: ontology, technology and creativity’, Twentieth-Century Music, 2/1, pp. 736 Google Scholar
Born, G. 2010. ‘The social and the aesthetic: for a post-Bourdieuian theory of cultural production’, Cultural Sociology, 4/2, pp. 171208 Google Scholar
Born, G. 2012. ‘Music and the social’, in The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction, ed. Clayton, M., Herbert, T. and Middleton, R. (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Borthakur, A., and Sinha, K. 2013. ‘Generation of electronic waste in India: current scenario, dilemmas and stakeholders’, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7/9, pp. 899910 Google Scholar
Bottrill, C., Lye, G., Boykoff, M., and Liverman, D. 2008. First Step: UK Music Industry Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2007 (Oxford, Julie's Bicycle)Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press)Google Scholar
Bowman, W. 1998. Philosophical Perspectives on Music (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Brown, B. 2001. ‘Thing theory’, Critical Inquiry, 28/1, pp. 122 Google Scholar
Bull, M. 2007. Sound Moves: iPod Culture and Urban Experience (London, Routledge)Google Scholar
Burt, L. 1977. ‘Chemical technology in the Edison recording industry’, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 25/10–11, pp. 712–17Google Scholar
Carruth, A. 2014. ‘The digital cloud and the micropolitics of energy’, Public Culture, 26/2, pp. 339–64Google Scholar
Chasins, G. 1943. ‘Scrap fights: two ways’, Billboard 1943 Music Year Book (New York, Billboard)Google Scholar
Clarke, E. 2005. Ways of Listening: An Ecological Approach to the Perception of Musical Meaning (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Clark-Meads, J. 1997. ‘Polymer suppliers are called on to help curb piracy’, Billboard, 27 September, pp. 1, 119Google Scholar
Cloonan, M. 2007. Popular Music and the State in the UK: Culture, Trade or Industry? (Farnham, Ashgate)Google Scholar
Coole, D., and Frost, S. (ed.) 2010. New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency and Politics (Durham, NC, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Cubitt, S., Hassan, R., and Volkmer, I. 2011. ‘Does cloud computing have a silver lining?Media, Culture and Society, 33/1, pp. 149–58Google Scholar
Curry, P. 2008. ‘Nature post-nature’, New Formations, 26, pp. 5164 Google Scholar
DeNora, T. 2000. Music and Everyday Life (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
DeNora, T. 2011. ‘Practical consciousness and social relation in musecological perspective’, in Music and Consciousness: Philosophical, Psychological and Cultural Perspectives, ed. Clarke, D. and Clarke, E. (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Devine, K. Forthcoming. Decomposed: The Political Ecology of Music (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press)Google Scholar
Deo, A., and Duggl, V. 2013. ‘Buying music in a vegetable market: circulation and consumption of digital music among non-elite indians’, presented at Music, Digitization, Mediation Conference, July, University of OxfordGoogle Scholar
Dourish, P. 2014. ‘NoSQL: the shifting materialities of database technology’, Computational Culture, 4, onlineGoogle Scholar
Duston, A. 1974. ‘PVC ad brings bootleg offers asking 3 times regular price’, Billboard, 11 May, p. 3Google Scholar
Echard, W. 2011. ‘Psychedelia, musical semiotics, and environmental unconscious’, Green Letters, 15/1, pp. 6175 Google Scholar
Eisenberg, A. 2012. ‘M-commerce and the (re)making of the music industry in Kenya’, presented at the Association of Social Anthropologists Meeting, April, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, E. 2005. The Recording Angel (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press)Google Scholar
EPA. 2011. Electronics Waste Management in the United States Through 2009: Executive Summary (Washington, DC, Environmental Protection Agency)Google Scholar
Freinkel, S. 2011. Plastic: A Toxic Love Story (New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)Google Scholar
Frith, S. 1987. ‘The making of the British record industry, 1920–64’, in Impacts and Influences: Essays on Media Power in the Twentieth Century, ed. Curran, J., Smith, A. and Wingate, P. (London, Methuen)Google Scholar
Frith, S. 1988. ‘The industrialization of music’, in Music for Pleasure, ed. Frith, S. (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Frith, S. 2001. ‘The popular music industry’, in The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock, ed. Frith, S., Straw, W. and Street, J. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Frith, S. 2004. ‘Music and the media’, in Music and Copyright, ed. Frith, S. and Marshall, L. (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press)Google Scholar
Frith, S. 2012. ‘The sociology of music in Britain’, in Vingt-cinq ans de sociologie de la musique en France (Tome 1), ed. Brandl, E. , Prévost-Thomas, C. and Ravet, H. (Paris, L'Harmattan), pp. 63–9Google Scholar
Frith, S., and Marshall, L. (ed.) 2004. Music and Copyright (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press)Google Scholar
Fuller, M. 2005. Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press)Google Scholar
Gabrys, J. 2011. Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics (Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan Press)Google Scholar
Gabrys, J. 2014. ‘Powering the digital: from energy ecologies to electronic environmentalism’, in Media and the Ecological Crisis, ed. Maxwell, R., Raundalen, J. and Vestberg, N.L. (London, Routledge)Google Scholar
Gallagher, S. 2014. ‘India: the rising tide of e-waste’, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/asia-india-electronic-waste-toxic-environment Google Scholar
Gaonkar, D., and Povinelli, E. 2003. ‘Technologies of public forms: circulation, transfiguration, recognition’, Public Culture, 15/3, pp. 385–97Google Scholar
Gelatt, R. 1977. The Fabulous Phonograph (London, Cassell)Google Scholar
Gopinath, S. 2013. The Ringtone Dialectic: Economy and Cultural Form (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press)Google Scholar
Gregson, N., and Crang, M. 2010. ‘Materiality and waste: inorganic vitality in a networked world’, Environment and Planning A, 42, pp. 1026–32Google Scholar
Grimley, D. 2006. Grieg: Music, Landscape and Norwegian Identity (Woodbridge, Boydell)Google Scholar
Gronow, P. 1983. ‘The record industry: the growth of a mass medium’, Popular Music, 3, pp. 5375 Google Scholar
Guy, N. 2009. ‘Flowing down Taiwan's Tamsui river: towards an ecomusicology of the environmental imagination’, Ethnomusicology, 53/2, pp. 218–49Google Scholar
Harker, D. 1997. ‘The wonderful world of IFPI: music industry rhetoric, the critics and the classical Marxist critique’, Popular Music, 16/1, pp. 4579 Google Scholar
Hawkins, G. 2006. The Ethics of Waste: How We Relate to Rubbish (Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield)Google Scholar
Hawkins, G. 2013. ‘Made to be wasted: PET and topologies of disposal’, in Accumulation: The Material Politics of Plastic, ed. Gabrys, J., Hawkins, G. and Michael, M. (London, Routledge)Google Scholar
Hayward, T. 1994. ‘The meaning of political ecology’, Radical Philosophy, 66, pp. 1120 Google Scholar
Hennion, A. 2007. ‘Those things that hold us together: taste and sociology’, Cultural Sociology, 1/1, pp. 97114 Google Scholar
Hetherington, K. 2004. ‘Secondhandedness: consumption, disposal and absent presence’, Environment and Planning D, 22, pp. 157–73Google Scholar
Hinkes, L. 2009. ‘The transient, digital fetish’, The Morning News, 7 May, onlineGoogle Scholar
Hogg, N., and Jackson, T. 2009. ‘Digital media and dematerialization: an exploration of the potential for reduced material intensity in music delivery’, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13/1, pp. 127–46Google Scholar
Humphries, B. 1992. More Please (London, Viking)Google Scholar
IFPI. 2014. Digital Music Report (London, International Federation of the Phonographic Industry)Google Scholar
Ingold, T. 2012. ‘Toward an ecology of materials’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 41, pp. 427–42Google Scholar
Ingram, D. 2007. ‘For free? Theorising consumption, commerce, and the environmental costs of artistic production’, Green Letters, 8/1, pp. 1322 Google Scholar
Ingram, D. 2010. The Jukebox in the Garden: Ecocriticism and American Popular Music Since 1960 (Amsterdam, Rodopi)Google Scholar
Isom, R.W. 1977. ‘Evolution of the disc talking machine’, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 25/10–11, pp. 718–23Google Scholar
Jeffreys, D. 2008. Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug (New York, Bloomsbury)Google Scholar
Jones, S. 2002. ‘Music that moves: popular music, distribution and network technologies’, Cultural Studies, 16/2, pp. 213–32Google Scholar
Kassabian, A. 2004. ‘Would you like some world music with your latte? Starbucks, Putumayo and distributed tourism’, Twentieth-Century Music, 1/2, pp. 209–23Google Scholar
Keightley, K. 2004. ‘Long play: adult-oriented popular music and the temporal logics of the post-war sound recording industry in the USA’, Media, Culture and Society, 26/3, pp. 375–91Google Scholar
Keightley, K. 2011. ‘Un voyage via Barquinho: global circulation, musical hybridization and adult modernity, 1961–69’, in Migrating Music, ed. Toynbee, J. and Dueck, B. (Abingdon, Routledge)Google Scholar
Kenney, W.H. 1999. Recorded Music and American Life: The Phonograph and Popular Memory, 1890–1945 (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Khanna, S.H. 1977. ‘Vinyl compound for the phonographic industry, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 25/10–11, pp. 724–8Google Scholar
Kirsch, B. 1973. ‘Industry tackles plastics shortage’, Billboard, 6 October, pp. 1, 12Google Scholar
Kirschenbaum, M. 2008. Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press)Google Scholar
Kittler, F. 1999. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter (Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press)Google Scholar
Kolodin, I. 1957. ‘The vinyl decade’, Saturday Review, 28 September, pp. 41, 43Google Scholar
Kozak, R. 1976. ‘If oil prices ascend, expect a PVC jump’, Billboard, 27 November, pp. 1, 73, 90Google Scholar
Kumar, N., and Parikh, T. 2013. ‘Mobiles, music and materiality’, Computer–Human Interaction, 27 April–2 May, pp. 2863–72Google Scholar
Laing, D. 1990. ‘Record sales in the 1980s’, Popular Music, 9/2, pp. 235–6Google Scholar
Larkin, B. 2013. ‘The politics and poetics of infrastructure’, Annual Review of Anthropology, 42, pp. 327–43Google Scholar
Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
LeMahieu, D. 1982. ‘The gramophone: recorded music and the cultivated mind between the wars’, Technology and Culture, 23/3, pp. 372–91Google Scholar
LeMahieu, D. 1988. A Culture For Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultivated Mind in Britain Between the Wars (Oxford, Clarendon)Google Scholar
Lepawsky, J., and Mather, C. 2011. ‘From beginnings and endings to boundaries and edges: rethinking circulation and exchange through electronic waste’, Area, 43/3, pp. 242–9Google Scholar
Ling, R., and Horst, H. 2011. ‘Mobile communication in the global south’, New Media and Society, 13/3, pp. 363–74Google Scholar
Lucas, G. 2002. ‘Disposability and dispossession in the twentieth century’, Journal of Material Culture, 7/1, pp. 522 Google Scholar
Lum, C.M.K. (ed.) 2006. Perspectives on Culture, Technology and Communication: The Media Ecology Tradition (Cresskill, Hampton Press)Google Scholar
Lury, C., Parisi, L., and Terranova, T. (ed.) 2012. ‘Topologies of culture’, Theory, Culture and Society, 29/4–5, pp. 3342 Google Scholar
Maguadda, P. 2011. ‘When materiality “bites back”: digital music consumption practices in the age of dematerialization’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 11/1, pp. 1536 Google Scholar
Maisonneuve, S. 2001. ‘Between history and commodity: the production of a musical patrimony through the record in the 1920–1930s’, Poetics, 29/2, pp. 89108 Google Scholar
Manuel, P. 1993. Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India (Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press)Google Scholar
Manuel, P. 2014. ‘The regional north Indian popular music industry in 2014: from cassette culture to cyberculture’, Popular Music, 33/3, pp. 389412 Google Scholar
Martin, J. 1951. ‘’51 record outlook for ops brightens’, Billboard, 17 March, p. 78Google Scholar
Martland, P. 2013. Recording History: The British Record Industry, 1888–1931 (Plymouth, Scarecrow)Google Scholar
Marvin, C. 1988. When Old Technologies Were New (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Matinde, V. 2014. ‘Can mobile digital music help African musicians?’ IDG Connect, 12 June. http://www.idgconnect.com/abstract/8384/can-mobile-digital-music-help-african-musicians Google Scholar
Maxwell, R., and Miller, T. 2012. Greening the Media (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Maxwell, R., Raundalen, J., and Vestberg, N.L. (ed.) 2014. Media and the Ecological Crisis (London, Routledge)Google Scholar
McCourt, T. 2005. ‘Collecting music in the digital realm’, Popular Music and Society, 28/2, pp. 249–52Google Scholar
Meikle, J. 1995. American Plastic: A Cultural History (New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press)Google Scholar
Miège, B. 1979. ‘The cultural commodity’, Media, Culture and Society, 1, pp. 297311 Google Scholar
Millard, A. 2005. America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Miller, D. (ed.) 2005. Materiality (Durham, NC, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Morris, J.A. 2008. ‘The energy nightmare of web server farms’, Synthesis/Regeneration, 45, onlineGoogle Scholar
Morris, J. 2010. ‘Understanding the digital music commodity’, PhD thesis (Montréal, McGill University)Google Scholar
Morris, J. 2011. ‘Sounds in the cloud: cloud computing and the digital music commodity’, First Monday, 16/5, pp. 112 Google Scholar
Morris, J. 2013. ‘“The person behind the music we adore”: artists, profiles, and the circulation of music’, Wi: Journal of Mobile Media, 7/1, pp. 19 Google Scholar
Morton, T. 2007. Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press)Google Scholar
Mowitt, J. 1987. ‘The sound of music in the era of its electronic reproducibility’, in Music and Society: The Politics of Composition, Performance and Reception, ed. Leppert, R. and McClary, S. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Murphy, R. 1994. Rationality and Nature: A Sociological Inquiry into a Changing Relationship (Oxford, Westview Press)Google Scholar
Myers, K. 1946. ‘Current report on the record industry’, Notes, 3/4, pp. 411–21Google Scholar
Neumann, R.P. 2014. Making Political Ecology, (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Novak, D. 2013. Japanoise: Music on the Edge of Circulation (Durham, NC, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Ochoa, A.M., and Botero, C. 2009. ‘Notes on practices of musical exchange in Columbia’, Popular Communication, 7, pp. 158–68Google Scholar
Osborne, R. 2012. Vinyl: A History of the Analogue Record (Farnham, Ashgate)Google Scholar
Parks, L., and Starosielski, N. 2015. Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures (Champaign, IL, University of Illinois Press)Google Scholar
Parikka, J. 2014. The Anthrobscene (Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press)Google Scholar
Parthasarathi, V. 2005. ‘Construing a “new media” market: merchandising the talking machine, c1900–1913’, in Media and Mediation, ed. Bel, B., Brouwer, J., Das, B., Parthasarathi, V. and Poitevin, G. (New Delhi, Sage)Google Scholar
Parthasarathi, V. 2007. ‘Not just mad Englishmen and a dog: the colonial tuning of “music on record”, 1900–1908’, Working Paper No. 02/2008 (New Delhi, Jamia Millia Islamia)Google Scholar
Pedelty, M. 2012. Ecomusicology: Rock, Folk and the Environment (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press)Google Scholar
Pels, D., Hetherington, K., and Vandenberghe, F. 2002. ‘The status of the object: performances, mediations, and techniques’, Theory, Culture and Society, 19/5–6, pp. 121.Google Scholar
Peterson, R. 1992. ‘Understanding audience segmentation: from elite and mass to omnivore and univore’, Poetics, 21/4, pp. 243–58Google Scholar
Petrusich, A. 2014. Do Not Sell At Any Price: The Wild, Obsessive Hunt for the World's Rarest 78rpm Records (New York, Scribner)Google Scholar
Piekut, B. 2014. ‘Actor-networks in music history: clarifications and critiques’, Twentieth-Century Music, 11/2, pp. 191215 Google Scholar
Rai, A. 2013. ‘Sound, perception and mobile phones in India’, in Ubiquitous Musics: The Everyday Sounds That We Don't Always Notice, ed. Quiñones, M.G., Kassabian, A. and Boschi, E. (Farnham, Ashgate)Google Scholar
Read, O., and Welch, W. 1976. From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph (New York, H.W. Sams)Google Scholar
Rehding, A. 2002. ‘Eco-musicology’, Journal of the Royal Musical Association, 127/2, pp. 305–20Google Scholar
Ríos, K. 2011. ‘In age of digital music, vinyl gets second life in Brooklyn factory’, New York Times, 17 April, onlineGoogle Scholar
Robbins, P. 2012. Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction (Oxford, Blackwell)Google Scholar
Roy, E. 2013. ‘Digital wastelands: materiality between salvation and oblivion’, presented at Music, Digitization, Mediation Conference, July, University of OxfordGoogle Scholar
Roy, E. 2014. ‘All the memory in the world, all the music in the world: mediating musical patrimony in the digital age’, Networking Knowledge, 7/2, pp. 2033 Google Scholar
Santoro, M. 2015. ‘Production perspectives’, in The Routledge Reader on the Sociology of Music, ed. Shepherd, J. and Devine, K. (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Savage, M., and Gayo, M. 2011. ‘Unravelling the omnivore: a field analysis of contemporary musical taste in the United Kingdom’, Poetics, 39/5, pp. 337–57Google Scholar
Scaping, P. (ed.) 1979. BPI Year Book 1979: A Review of the British Record and Tape Industry (Wadford, British Phonograph Industry)Google Scholar
Schafer, R.M. 1994. The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World (Rochester, VT, Destiny Books)Google Scholar
Shuker, R. 2010. Wax Trash and Vinyl Treasures: Record Collecting as a Social Practice (Farnham, Ashgate)Google Scholar
Singh, R. 2007. ‘Lac Culture’. New Delhi, National Science Digital Library (http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/219/1/LAC+CULTURE.pdf)Google Scholar
Slade, G. 2006. Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press)Google Scholar
Smith, J. 2015. Eco-Sound Media (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press)Google Scholar
Smith, M. 2012. ‘Beck's song reader’, The Culture Show, 21, BBC2, 28 NovemberGoogle Scholar
Sousa, J.P. 1906. ‘The menace of mechanical music’, Appleton's Magazine, 8, pp. 278–84Google Scholar
Stanbridge, A. 2007. ‘The tradition of all the dead generations: music and cultural policy’, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 13/3, pp. 255–71Google Scholar
Stanyek, J., and Piekut, B. 2010. ‘Deadness: technologies of the intermundane’, Drama Review, 54/1, pp. 1438 Google Scholar
Starosielski, N. 2012. ‘“Warning: do not dig”: negotiating the visibility of critical infrastructures’, Journal of Visual Culture, 11/1, pp. 3857 Google Scholar
Sterne, J. 2003. The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction (Durham, NC, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Sterne, J. 2006. ‘The death and life of digital audio’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 31/4, pp. 338–45Google Scholar
Sterne, J. 2008. ‘The preservation paradox in digital audio’, in Sound Souvenirs: Audio Technologies, Memory and Cultural Practices, ed. Bijsterveld, K. and van Dijck, J. (Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press)Google Scholar
Sterne, J. 2012. MP3: The Meaning of a Format (Durham, NC, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Sterne, J. 2013. ‘What do we want? Materiality! When do we want it? Now!’, in Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality and Society, ed. Gillespie, T., Boczkowski, P.J. and Foot, K.A. (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press)Google Scholar
Strasser, S. 1999. Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash (New York, Holt)Google Scholar
Straw, W. 1999. ‘The thingishness of things’, Invisible Culture, 1/2, onlineGoogle Scholar
Straw, W. 1999–2000. ‘Music as commodity and material culture’, Repercussions, 7–8, pp. 147–72Google Scholar
Straw, W. 2000. ‘Exhausted commodities’, Canadian Journal of Communication, 25/1, pp. 175–85Google Scholar
Straw, W. 2009. ‘In memoriam: the music CD and its ends’, Design and Culture, 1/1, pp. 7992 Google Scholar
Straw, W. 2010. ‘The circulatory turn’, in The Wireless Spectrum: The Politics, Practices and Poetics of Mobile Media, ed. Crow, B., Longford, M. and Sawchuk, K. (Toronto, University of Toronto Press)Google Scholar
Straw, W. 2012. ‘Music and material culture’, in The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction, ed. Clayton, M., Herbert, T. and Middleton, R. (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Street, J. 2013. ‘Music, markets and manifestos’, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 19/3, pp. 281–97Google Scholar
Sturdy, W.L. 1919. ‘From our European headquarters’, Talking Machine World, 15/8, pp. 165–70Google Scholar
Sturdy, W.L. 1920a. ‘From our European headquarters’, Talking Machine World, 16/2, pp. 219–23Google Scholar
Sturdy, W.L. 1920b. ‘From our European headquarters’, Talking Machine World, 16/5, pp. 224–8Google Scholar
Sturdy, W.L. 1921. ‘From our European headquarters’, Talking Machine World, 17/12, pp. 161–4Google Scholar
Suchman, L. 2007. Human–Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Sundaram, R. 2010. Pirate Modernity: Delhi's Media Urbanism (Abingdon, Routledge)Google Scholar
Swadeshi International Co. 2011. ‘The shellac story’. http://www.shellac.in Google Scholar
Taussig, M. 1993. Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses (New York, Routledge)Google Scholar
Taylor, T. 2007a. ‘The commodification of music at the dawn of the era of “mechanical music”’, Ethnomusicology, 51/2, pp. 281305 Google Scholar
Taylor, T. 2007b. Beyond Exoticism: Western Music and the World (Durham, NC, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Théberge, P. 1997. Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology (Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press)Google Scholar
Thompson, M. 1979. Rubbish Theory: The Creation and Destruction of Value (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Toynbee, J., and Dueck, B. (ed.) 2011. Migrating Music (Abingdon, Routledge)Google Scholar
Traiman, S. 1979. ‘Tape products rocked by higher oil costs’, Billboard, 14 April, pp. 1, 80Google Scholar
Traiman, S. 1995. ‘Confronting the cost demon’, Billboard, 11 March, pp. 74, 90Google Scholar
Truax, B. 2001. Acoustic Communication (Westport, CT, Ablex)Google Scholar
Türk, V., Alakeson, V., Kuhndt, M., and Ritthoff, M. 2003. The Environmental and Social Impacts of Digital Music: A Case Study with EMI (Brussels, Digital Europe)Google Scholar
Vanderbilt, B. 1971. Thomas Edison, Chemist (Washington, DC, American Chemical Society)Google Scholar
Walker, P., and Steele, L. 1922. ‘Shellac’, Technological Papers of the Bureau of Standards, 17, pp. 277–96Google Scholar
Weber, C.L., Koomey, J.G., and Matthews, H.S. 2010. ‘The energy and climate change implications of different music delivery methods’, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14/5, pp. 754–69Google Scholar
Winner, L. 1944. ‘Shellac and development of substitutes’, Plastics, 1/2, pp. 55–6, 96Google Scholar
Witkin, J. 2011. ‘A Virtuous (and Fun?) Way to Trade in Old CDs’, New York Times (12 September), onlineGoogle Scholar
Wittchen, S. 2012. ‘Recycling challenge: vinyl records’, Grid Magazine, 43, p. 7 Google Scholar