Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T12:24:33.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Vulnerable Populations: Hurricane Katrina as a Case Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 June 2012

Richard M. Zoraster*
Affiliation:
Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency, Los Angeles, California, USA
*
10100 Pioneer Blvd., Suite 200Santa Fe Springs, California 90670USA Email: rzoraster@ladhs.org

Abstract

Mitigating disaster impact requires identifying risk factors. The increased vulnerability of the physically fragile is easily understood. Less obvious are the socio-economic risk factors, especially within relatively affluent societies. Hurricane Katrina demonstrated many of these risks within the United States.These factors include poverty, home ownership, poor English language proficiency, ethnic minorities, immigrant status, and high-density housing. These risk factors must be considered when planning for disaster preparation, mitigation, and response.

Type
Comprehensive Review
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Smedley, BD, Stith, AY, Newlson, AR (eds): Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003.Google Scholar
2.Marmot, M: Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet 2005;365(9464):10991104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Isaacs, SL, Schroeder, SA: Class–The ignored determinant of the nation's health. N Engl J Med 2004;351(11):11371142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Redmond, AD: ABC of conflict and disaster. BMJ 2005;330:12591261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Pastor, M, Bullard, RD, Boyce, JK, Fothergill, A, Morello-Frosch, R, Wright, B: In the Wake of the Storm: Environment, Disaster and Race after Katrina. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 2006Google Scholar
6.Christie, T, Asrat, G, Jiwani, B, Maddix, T, Montaner, J: Exploring disparities between global HIV/AIDS funding and recent tsunami relief efforts: An ethical analysis. Developing World Bioethics 2007;7(1):17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Hoffman, SM, Oliver-Smith, A: Catastrophe & Culture. The Anthropology of Disaster. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2002.Google Scholar
8.Milete, DS: Disasters by Design. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1999.Google Scholar
9.Brulle, RJ, Pellow, DN. Environmental Justice: Human health and environmental inequalities. Annu Rev Public Health 2006; 27:103124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Schultz, J, Russell, J, Espinel, : Epidemiology of tropical cyclones: The dynamics of disaster, disease, and development. Epidemiol Rev 2005;27(1):2135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Frazier, JW, Margai, FM, Tettey-Fio, E: Race and Place. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003.Google Scholar
12.Bankoff, G, Frerks, GHilhorst, D: Mapping Vulnerability, Disasters Development and People. London: Earthscan, 2007.Google Scholar
13.Morrow, B: Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. Disasters 1999;23:18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Evans, GW, Kantrowitz, E: Socioeconomic Status and health: The potential role of environmental risk exposure. Ann Rev Public Health 2002;23:303331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Chou, Y, Huang, N, Lee, C, Tsai, S, Chen, L, Chang, H: Who is at risk of death in an earthquake? Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:688695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Pelling, M: The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Earthscan, 2003.Google Scholar
17.Walker, B, Warren, R: Katrina perspectives. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:233240CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Beruube, A, Katz, B: Katrina's Window: Confronting Concentrated Poverty across America. Washington DC: The Brooking Institute, 2005; pp 112.Google Scholar
19.Cutter, SL, Boruff, B, Shirley, WL: Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q 2003;84(2):242–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Logan, JR: The Impact of Katrina: Race and Class in Storm-Damaged Neighborhoods. Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences, Hurricane Katrina Project. Providence: Brown University, 2007.Google Scholar
21.Cordasco, KM, Eisenman, DP, Glik, DC, Golden, JF, Asch, SM: “They blew the levee“: Distrust of authorities among hurricane Katrina evacuees. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:277282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Elliott, JR, Pais, J: Race, class and hurricane Katrina: Social differences in human responses to disaster. Soc Sci Res 2006;35:295321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Brodie, M, Weltzen, E, Altman, D, Blendon, RJ, Benson, JM: Experience of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: Implications for future planning. AmJ Pub Health 2006;96:14021408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Rosenkoetter, MM, Covan, EK, Cobb, BK, Bunting, S, Weinrich, M: Perceptions of older adults regarding evacuation in the event of a natural disaster. Pub Health Nurs 2007;24:160168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Aguirre, BE: The lack of warnings before the Saragosa tornado. Int J Mass Emerg Dis 1988;6:6574.Google Scholar
26.US Census Bureau: Language use and English speaking ability 2000. 2000 census. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf Accessed 13 July 2007.Google Scholar
27.Drabek, T, Boggs, K: Families in a disaster: Reactions and relatives. J Mar Fam 1968;30(3):443451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.United States Census: S1702. Poverty status in the past 12 months of families. Data Set: 2006 American Community Survey. Available at http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S1702&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-redoLog=false. Accessed 22 July 2008.Google Scholar
29.Perry, RW: Evacuation decision-making in natural disasters. Mass Emerg 1979;4:2538.Google Scholar
30.Eisenman, DP, Cordasco, KM, Asch, S, Golden, J, Glik, D: Disaster planning and risk communication with vulnerable communities: Lessons from hurri-cane Katrina. Am J Public Health 2007;97:S109–S115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Riad, J, Norris, F, Ruback, RB: Predicting evacuation in two major disasters: risk perception, social influence, and access to resources. J Appl Soc Psychol 1999;29:918934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Fothergioll, A, Maestas, E, Darlington, J: Race, ethnicity and disaster in the United States: A review of the literature. Disasters 1999;23:156173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Perry, RW, Lindell, MK: The effects of ethnicity on evacuation decision-making. Int J Mass Emerg Dis 1991;9(1):4768.Google Scholar
34.Drabek, TF: Understanding disaster warning responses. Soc Sci J 1999;36:515523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Messias, DK, Lacy, E: Katrina-related Health concerns of Latino survivors and evacuees. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:443464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Phillips, BD: Cultural diversity in disasters: Sheltering, housing and long term recovery. Int J Mass Emerg Dis 1993;11:99110.Google Scholar
37.Elder, K, Xirasagar, S, Miller, N, Bowen, SA, Glover, S, Piper, C: African Americans decisions not to evacuate New Orleans before Hurricane Katrina: A qualitative study. Am J Public Health 2007;97:S124–S129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.The Henry, J. Kaiser Family Foundation: Survey of Hurrican Katrina evacuees [press release]. Available at http://www.kff.org/newsmedia/upload/7401.pdf Accessed 20 April 2007.Google Scholar
39.CDC: Preliminary report: Medical examiner reports of deaths associated with hurricane Andrew–Florida, August 1992. MMWR Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00017499.htm. Accessed 15 December 2007.Google Scholar
40.Mahue-Giangreco, M, Mack, W, Seligson, H, Bourque, LB: Risk factors associated with moderate and serious injuries attributable to the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, Los Angeles, California. Ann Epidem 2001;11(5):347357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.United States Census: HCT 32. Tenure by vehicles available (15) Universe: occupied housingunites. Data Set: Census 20000 summary file 4 (SF 4)–Sample data Available at http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTCharIterationServlet?_ts=214445136555 Accessed 29 November 2007.Google Scholar
42.Cooper, C, Block, R: Disaster Hurricane Katrina and the Failure of Homeland Security. New York: Times Books, 2006.Google Scholar
43.Van Heerden, I: The Storm. What Went Wrong and Why during Hurricane Katrina. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.Google Scholar
44.FEMA: Hurricane Pam exercise concludes. July 23, 2004: Available at http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=13051. Accessed 28 November 2007.Google Scholar
45.Haber, B: Direct hit by Ivan in New Orleans could mean a modern Atlantis. USA Today 14 September 2004.Google Scholar
46.Curtis, A, Mills, JW, Leitner, M: Katrina and vulnerability: The geography of stress. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:315330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Eldar, R: The needs of elderly persons in natural disasters: Observations and recommendations. Disasters 1992;16(4):157173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Rosenkoetter, MM, Covan, EK, Cobb, BK, Bunting, S, Weinrich, M: Perceptions of older adults regarding evacuation in the event of a natural disaster. Pub Health Nurs 2007;24:160168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Wolshon, B, Urbina, E, Wilmot, C, Levitan, M: Review of policies and practices for hurricane evacuation, I: Transportation planning, preparedness and responses. Natural Haz Rev 2005;6:129142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Bascetta, C: Preliminary observations on the evacuation of vulnerable populations due to hurricanes and other disasters. Available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06790t.pdf. Accessed 22 January 2008.Google Scholar
51.Quigley, B: Six months after Katrina: Who was left behind. Available at: http://www.globalaging.org/armedconflict/countryreports/americas/sixkatrina.htm Accessed 08 November 2007.Google Scholar
52.Wingate, MS, Perry, EC, Campbell, PH, David, P, Weist, EM: Identifying and protecting vulnerable populations in public health emergencies: Addressing gaps in education and training. Public Health Rep 2007;122(3):422426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Ferdinand, KC: The Hurricane Katrina disaster: Focus on the hypertensive patient. J Clin Hypert 2005;7:679680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Cefalu, WT, Smith, SR, Blonde, L, Fonseca, V: The hurricane Katrina aftermath and its impact on diabetes care: Observations from “ground zero”: Lessons in disaster preparedness of people with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:158160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Berggren, RE, Curiel, TJ: After the storm-health care infrastructure in post Katrina New Orleans. N Engl J Med 2006;354:15491552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Kleinpeter, MA, Norman, LD, Krane, NK: Dialysis services in the hurricaneaffected areas on 2005: lessons learned. Am J Med Sci 2006;332:259263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Frohlich, ED: Aftershocks. N Engl J Med 2004;353:1545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Anderson, HC: Genetic/metabolic health care delivery during and after hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Mol Genet Metab 2006;88:36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Update on CDC's response to Hurricane Katrina. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/od/katrina/09-19-05.htm. Accessed 24 April 2007.Google Scholar
60.Ghosh, TS, Patnaik, JL, Vogt, RL: Rapid needs assessment among hurricane Katrina evacuees in Metro-Denver. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:362368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Louisiana Department of Health: Reports on deceased statistics. Available at http://dhh.louisiana.gov/offices/page.asp?ID=303Δ=7047 Accessed 15 November 2007.Google Scholar
62.Chan, CC, Lin, YP, Chen, HH, Chang, TY, Cheng, TJ, Chen, LS: A population based study on the immediate and prolonged effects of the 1999 Taiwan Earthquake on Mortality. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:502508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63.Ramirez, M, Peek-Asa, C: Epidemiology of traumatic injuries from earthquakes. Epidemiol Rev 2005;27:4755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.McGuire, LC, Ford, ES, Okoro, CA: Natural disaster and older US adults with disabilities: Implications for evacuation. Disasters 2007;31(1):4956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Enarson, E: Women and housing issues in two US disasters: Hurricane Andrew and the Red River Valley flood. Int J Mass Emerg Disast 1999;17:3963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66.Jonkman, SN, Kelman, I: An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. Disaster 2005;29(1):7597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Sharkey, P: Were whites really more likely than blacks to die in Katrina? Are-analysis of data on race and the casualties of Katrina. Available at http://www.newvisioninstitute.org/VictimsOfKatrina.pdf. Accessed 08 November 2007.Google Scholar
68.Uscher-Pines, L: “But for the hurricane”: Measuring natural disaster mortality over the long term Prehosp Disaster Med 2007;22:149151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Kario, K, McEwen, BS, Pickering, TG: Disaster and the heart: A review of the effects of earthquake-induced stress on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res 2003;26(5):355367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Mokdad, AH, Mensah, GA, Posner, SF, Reed, E, Simoes, EJ, Engelgau, MM: When chronic conditions become acute: Prevention and control of chronic diseases and adverse health outcomes during natural disasters. Pub Health Res Pract Pol 2005;2.Google ScholarPubMed
71.Zoraster, R, van Holder, R, Sever, M: Management of renal failure in disasters Amer J Disaster Med 2007;2(2):96–106.Google Scholar
72.Saunders, JM: Vulnerable populations in an American Red Cross shelter after Hurricane Katrina. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 2007;43(1):3037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73.Rath, B, Donato, J, Duggan, A, Perrin, K, Bronfin, DR, Ratard, R, VanDyke, R, Magnus, M: Adverse health outcomes after hurricane Katrina amongchildren and adolescents with chronic conditions. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:405417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74.Clark, R, Besch, L, Murphy, M, Vick, J, Gurd, C, Broyles, S, Lincoln, K: Six month later: The effect of Hurricane Katrina on health care for persons living with HIV/AIDS in New Orleans. Aids Care 2006;18:5961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Karras, NA, Hemenway, CS: Hurricane Katrina's impact on pediatric and adult patients with sickle cell disease. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:382393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76.Stephens, KU, Grew, D, Chin, K, Kadetz, , Greenough, PG, Burkle, FM, Robinson, SL, Franklin, ER: Excess mortality in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: A preliminary report. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2007;1(1):1520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Muniz, B: In the Eye of the Storm: How the Government and Private Response to Hurricane Katrina Failed Latinos. Washington, DC, National Council of La Raza, 2006.Google Scholar
78.Shore, E: Katrina victims denied aid and face deportation. Available at http://news.Ncmonlin.com/new/view_article.html?article_id=69b9752a0c82041c78788e4390506983. Accessed 19 January 2008.Google Scholar
79.Yelvington, KA: Coping in a Temporary Way: The Tent Cities. In: Peacock, WG, Morrow, BH, Gladwin, H (eds): Hurricane Andrew, Ethnicity, Hender, and the Sociology of Disasters. New York: Routledge, 1997.Google Scholar
80.Tierney, K: Social Inequality, Hazards, and Disasters. In: Daniels, RJ, Kettl, DF, Kunreuther, H, (eds): Risk and Disater, Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.Google Scholar
81.Bolin, R, Stanford, L: The Northridge earthquake: Community-based approaches tounmet recovery needs. Disasters 1998;22(1):2138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Saulny, S: New Orleans hurt by acute rental shortage. NY Times 03 December 2007, 1,21.Google Scholar
83.Schwartz, DA. The NEIHS responds to Hurricane Katrina. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.Schultz, J, Russell, J, Espinel, Z: Epidemiology of tropical cyclones: The dynamics of disaster, disease, and development. Epidemiol Rev 2005;27:2135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar