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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2017
1 2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n 228 (para. 5) (1963) (Doc A/CN.4/152).
3 Judgment of 27 Sept. 1997, para 47.
4 See, e.g., International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, art. 14, 999 UNTS 171, and its equivalents in other instruments.
5 Article 19(2) only “defines” a category of international crimes of state, in the time-honored circular fashion adopted for the notion of jus cogens by Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Article 19(3) appears to give this highly generalized definition some further precision, but the appearance is deceptive: Article 19(3) is inclusive; it is itself couched in illustrative and very general language, and it is stated to be subject both to paragraph 2 and to “the rules of international law in force.” It is thus lacking in the precision necessary for criminal responsibility.
6 Judgment of 27 Sept. 1997, paras. 85-87.
7 See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature May 3, 1969, art. 66(a), 1155 UNTS 331.
8 See Gerald Fitzmaurice, 2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n 105-06 (1956).