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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2017
1 The OLC legal documents may be accessed from the Office of Legal Counsel website, available at .http://www.usdoj.gov/olc/opinionspage.htm
2 Standards of Conduct Under 18 U.S.C. § § 2340-2340A, Op. Off. Legal Counsel (Aug. 1, 2002).
3 Legal Standards Applicable Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A, Op. Off. Legal Counsel (Dec. 30,2004) [hereinafter Legal Standards].
4 See, e.g., Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Aug. 12, 1949, arts. 13, 14, 17, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 3328, 3330, 3332, 75 U.N.T.S. 135, 146, 148, 150 [hereinafter GC III]; Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Aug. 12, 1949, arts. 27, 31, 32, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 3536, 3538,75 U.N.T.S. 287, 306, 308 [hereinafter GC IV]
5 5 GC III, supra note 4, art. 130, 6. U.S.T. at 3420, 75 U.N.T.S. at 238; GC IV, supra note 4, art. 147, 6 U.S.T.at 3618, 75 U.N.T.S. at 388.
6 GC III, supra note 4, art. 129, 6 U.S.T. at 3418, 75 U.N.T.S. at 236; GC IV, supra note 4, art. 146, 6 U.S.T.at 3616, 75 U.N.T.S. at 386.
7 GC III, supra note 4, art. 3, 6 U.S.T. at 3318, 3320, 75 U.N.T.S. at 136, 138; GC IV, supra note 4, art. 3, 6 U.S.T. at 3518, 3520, 75 U.N.T.S. at 288, 290.
8 Id.
9 Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes, U.N. Doc. PCNICC/2000/1/Add. 2 (2000).
10 Id. at art. 8.
11 Id. at art. 8(2)(c)(i)-4.
12 Commentary on the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 38 (Jean Pictetgen. ed., 1960).
13 I Customary Internation al Humanitarian Law : Rules 315 (Jean-Marie Henckaerts & Louise Doswald-Beck eds., 2005).
14 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. 3.
15 Id. at art. 75.
16 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), 1986ICJ R e p . 14, 113 (June 27).
17 U.S. Judge Advocate Gen. Sch., Operational Law Handbook 11 (2003), at http//www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGCNETIntemet/Homepages/AC/TJAGSAWeb.nsf/8f7edfd448e0ec6c8525694b0064ba51/563a076431c493838-5256bdc0065be8d/$FILE/OPLAW%;20Handbook.pdf
18 Application of Treaties and Laws to al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees, Op. Off. Legal Counsel (Jan. 9, 2002), reprinted in The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib 38 (Karen J. Greenberg & Joshua L. Dratel, eds. 2005).
19 G.A. Res. 217, U.N. GAOR 3d Sess., at 73, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948).
20 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85.
21 Id., art. 1 at 113-14.
22 Id., art. 2 at 114.
23 Id., art. 16 at 116.
24 G. A. Res. 3452, Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Punishment, U.N. GAOR, 30th Sess., Supp. No. 34, at 91, U.N. Doc. A/10408 (1975).
25 Legal Standards, supra note 3, at 2.
26 Ireland v. United Kingdom, 25 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) at 66-67 (1978).
27 Selmouni v. France, 1999-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 149, 183.
28 Nigel S. Rodley, The Definitions) of Torture in International Law, 55 Current Legal Probs. 467 (2002).