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A Social Theory of Fair Trade, with Special Reference to Indigenous Peoples

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Russel Lawrence Barsh
Russel Lawrence Barsh*
Affiliation:
New York University School of Law
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Abstract

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Type
Indigenous Peoples and the Global Trade Regime
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 96 , 2002 , pp. 279 - 290
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2002

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References

1 Petition for the Imposition of Countervailing Duties Pursuant to Section 701 of the Tariff Act of 1930, International Trade Administration, Investigation C-122-839, submitted by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Defenders of Wildlife, Northwest Ecosystem Alliance, Grand Council of the Cree (Eeyou Istchee) and Interior Alliance (Nlaka’pamux Nation, Okanagan Nation, Secwepemc Nation, St’at’imc Nation, and Southern Carrier Nation) (May 10, 2001).

2 Notice of Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determination. Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 67 Fed. Reg. 15, 545 (April 2, 2002).

3 United States—Provisional Anti-Dumping Measure on Imports of Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada (Case DS247). The first U.S. submission to the panel is due April 15, 2002.

4 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-l 1, 55 UNTS 194, incorporated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 by way of paragraph 1 (a) of Annex 1A of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, April 15, 1994 [hereinafter WTO Agreement] The Legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round Agreements Including the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization as signed on April 15,1994 (World Trade Organization, 1994) [hereinafter Legal Texts].

5 National treatment and neutrality currently apply to trade in goods and services under the original Gatt, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Apr. 15, 1994, WTO Agreement, Annex 1B, Legal Texts, supra at 31, 33 ILM 1197 (1994), and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Apr. 15, 1994, WTO Agreement, Annex 1A, 33 ILM 1167 (1994); and to investment under the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), Apr. 15, 1994, WTO Agreement, Annex A1, Legal Texts, supra 33 ILM 84 (1994).

6 The existing Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Apr. 15, 1994, WTO Agreement, Annex 1A, Legal Texts, supra note 4, applies only to product standards (such as packaging and descriptive or geographic names), testing and certification, and valuation rules.

7 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, WTO Agreement, Annex 1C, Legal Texts, supra note 4, 33 ILM. 1197 (1994).

8 The state seeking membership negotiates minimum standards with a WTO working party. E.g., Potter, Pitman B., The Legal Implications of China’s Accession to the WTO, 167 China Q. 592-609 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 See, e.g., FAO/Netherlands Conference on the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land, WTO Doc. WT/CTE/W/127 (Oct. 27, 1999).

10 Offering better terms of credit to farmers is arguably the best way to produce more food, and to the extent that they protect human health, food security measures are already SCM-proof. The burden would remain with states to justify preferential agrarian credit schemes, of course.

11 Report of the Expert Consultation on Economic Incentives and Responsible Fisheries, WTO Doc. WT/CTE/W/189 (June 19, 2001); Fisheries Subsidies, Submission from New Zealand on Paragraph 32(1) of the Doha Declaration, WTO Doc. WT/CTE/W/204 (Mar. 19, 2002).

12 Hernando De Soto, Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (2001).

13 Article Xvii of the SCM Agreement, supra note 5, deals expressly with state trading enterprises (state-owned or controlled companies engaged in the production or export of goods), requiring notification and an opportunity to other WTO members to pose questions and challenges.

14 European Social Charter, Oct. 18, 529 UNTS 89.

15 Convention on Biological Diversity, June 5, 1992, 31 IL. 818 (1992).

16 E.g., Trosper, Ronald L., American Indian Relative Ranching Efficiency, 68 Am. Econ. Rev. 503 (1978)Google Scholar; Barsh, Rüssel L., Indian Resources and the National Economy: Business Cycles and Policy Cycles, 16 Pol’y Stud. J. 799 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, June 27, 1989, art. 4,169 ILO 1989 [hereinafter Itp Convention], requires the consent of the intended beneficiaries to special state measures.

18 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, WTO Agreement, Annex 1A-4.

19 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Mar. 3, 1973, UST 1087, 993 UNTS 243.

20 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Ga Res. 2106(XX) (opened for signature Dec. 21, 1965).

21 Convention on the Rights of the Child, GA Res. 44/25 (Sept. 2, 1990).

22 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, GA Res. 2200 A (XXI) (opened for signature Dec. 16, 1966); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, GA Res. 2200 A (XXI) (opened for signature Dec. 16, 1966).

23 Labor rights arguably include rights to acquire skills (education) and rights to remain healthy enough to continue to work and earn a livelihood.

24 Canada—Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, para. 142,WTO Doc. WT/DS139/AB/R (May 31, 2000) [hereinafter Canada—Automotive]; European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, para. 233, WTO Doc. WT/DS27/AB/R (Sept. 25,1997).

25 Canada—Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, para. 167, WTO Doc. WT/DS70/AB/R (Aug. 20,1999) (discussed with approval in Canada—Automotive, supra note 24).

26 The issue in Canada—Automotive, supra note 24, was a reduced duty on automobiles for “Canadian value added.”

27 Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labourjune 17, 1999, Ilo No. 182; International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour, available at <http://www.ilo.org> (visited Mar. 7, 2002) (IPEC). The conventions have been ratified by 7 Latin American and 12 south and southeast Asian countries, including countries where a majority of indigenous peoples live. See also Kebebew Ash agrie, Statistics on Working Children and Hazardous Child Labour in Brief, available at <http://www.ilo.org>.

28 Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

29 Barsh, Russel L., Is the Expropriation of Indigenous Peoples’ Land GATT-able? 10 Rev. EuR. Community & Int’l Envtl. L. 13 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 As construed by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation No. XXIII (1997), in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.5, at 192 (Apr. 26, 2001).

51 Delgumuukwv. The Queen [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010. Canada’s constitution was amended in 1982 to affirm the “existing aboriginal and treaty rights” of indigenous peoples. British Columbia nonetheless argued that millennial title to lands had been extinguished by settlement before 1982.

32 Council of the Haida Nation v. British Columbia and Weyerhaeuser Co., 2002 B.C.C.A. 147. The defendants have sought leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.

33 Kayano v. Hokkaido Expropriation Committee, 1598 Hanrei JihÖ 33, 938 Hanrei Taimuzu 75 (DC Sapporo, Mar. 27, 1997), reprinted in 38 ILM 394 (1999).

34 Constitution Federal [CF.] arts. 67, 231, 232 (amended 1988) (Braz.).

35 Decree 1775/1996. I am indebted to my colleague Marcos Mauricio Toba for explaining the complex balance of legal and political concerns that the 1996 decree attempted to navigate. For a critical case study of the decree, see Moore, Sarah Gavney & Lemos, Maria Carman, Indigenous Policy in Brani: the Development of Decree 1775 and the Proposed Raposa/Sena do Sol Reserve, Roraima, Brazil, 21 Hum. Rts. Q. 444 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Brazil, ch. Vi, at 7, available at <http://www.cidh.oas.org> (visited Feb. 26, 2002).

37 I. Hernandez, Los Mapuche; Derechos Humanos Y Aborígenes 25-44 (2001); J. Pinto Rodriguez, De La Inclusion a La Exclusion: La Formación Del Estado, La Nación Y El Pueblo Mapuche (2000); f. Bengoa, Historia De UN Conflicto: El Estado Y Los Mapuches En El Siglo Xx (1999).

38 Protection, Advancement and Development of the Indigenous Inhabitants of Chile, Act No. 19, 253 (1993); Fourteenth Periodic Report of States Parties due in 1998: Chile, at paras. 13-15, UN Doc. Cerd/C/337/Add.2 (1998) [hereinafter Fourteenth periodic of Chile].

39 ITP Convention, supra note 17.

40 Constitución Politica De Los Estados Unidos Mexicanos [Const.] an. 27(vii), 115(iii) (amended) (Mex.).

41 Fourteenth Periodic of Chile, supra note 38, paras. 34-40.