Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T18:10:18.125Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Exercise prescription for weight management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Andrew P. Hills*
Affiliation:
School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Nuala M. Byrne
Affiliation:
School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Dr A. P. Hills, +61 7 3864 3980, email a.hills@qut.edu.au
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Meeting Report
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Aellen, R, Hollmann, W & Boutellier, U (1993) Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on plasma lipoproteins. International Journal of Sports Medicine 14, 396400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Sports Medicine (1990) Position stand on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, 265274.Google Scholar
American College of Sports Medicine (1991) Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
American College of Sports Medicine (1995) Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
Andersson, B, Xu, X, Rebuffe-Scrive, M, Terming, K, Krotkiewski, M & Bjorntorp, P (1991) The effects of exercise training on body composition and metabolism in men and women. International Journal of Obesity 15, 7581.Google ScholarPubMed
Arborelius, M, Balldin, UI & Lundgren, CEG (1972) Hemodynamic changes in man during immersion with the head above water. Aerospace Medicine 43, 592598.Google ScholarPubMed
Avellini, BA, Shapiro, Y & Pandolf, KV (1983) Cardiorespiratory physical training in water and on land. European Journal of Applied Physiology 50, 255264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bahr, R & Maehlum, S (1986) Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. A short review. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 128, Suppl. 556, 99104.Google Scholar
Ballor, DL, Becque, MD, Marks, CR, Nau, KL & Katch, VL (1989) Physiological responses to nine different exercise: rest protocols. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 9095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballor, DL & Keesey, RE (1991) A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changes in body mass, fat mass and fat-free mass in males and females. International Journal of Obesity 15, 717726.Google ScholarPubMed
Ballor, D, Mccarthy, J & Wilterdink, E (1990) Exercise intensity does not affect the composition of diet- and exercise-induced body mass loss. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 142146.Google Scholar
Bar-Or, O, Lundegren, HM & Buskirk, ER (1969) Heat tolerance of exercising obese and lean women. Journal of Applied Physiology 26, 403409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, S, Costill, D & Fink, W (1991) Fluid replacement during prolonged exercise: effects of water, saline, or no fluid. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 811817.Google Scholar
Begin, R, Epstein, M, Sackner, MA, Levinson, R, Dougherty, R & Duncan, D (1976) Effect of water immersion to the neck on pulmonary circulation and tissue volume in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 40, 293299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belman, M & Gaesser, G (1990) Exercise training below and above the lactate threshold in the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 562568.Google Scholar
Bjorntorp, P (1990) Adipose tissue adaptation to exercise. In Exercise, Fitness and Health: A Consensus of Current Knowledge, pp. 315323. [Bouchard, C, Shephard, RJ, Stephens, T, Sutton, JR and McPherson, BD, editors]. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.Google Scholar
Blessey, RL, Hislop, HJ, Waters, RL & Antonelli, D (1976) Metabolic energy cost of unrestrained walking. Physical Therapy 56, 10191024.Google Scholar
Borg, G (1985) An Introduction to Borg's RPE-Scale. Ithaca, NY: Mouvement Publications.Google Scholar
Bouchard, C (1994) Genetic variation in exercise and obesity. In Exercise and Obesity, pp. 3348. [Hills, AP and Wahlqvist, ML, editors]. London: Smith-Gordon.Google Scholar
Bouchard, C (1996) Dietary management: what works and what doesn't (Panel discussion). Proceedings of a Symposium by the National Heart Foundation of Australia: Wrestling with Obesity, pp. 3947.Google Scholar
Bouchard, C, Tremblay, A, Nadeau, A, Dussault, J, Després, JP, Theriault, G, Lupien, PJ, Serresse, O, Boulay, MR & Fournier, G (1990) Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 1: Effect on body composition and selected metabolic variables. International Journal of Obesity 14, 5773.Google ScholarPubMed
Brooks, GA, Fahey, TD & White, TP (1996) Exercise physiology, Human Bioenergetics and its Applications, 2nd ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Brown, SP, Chitwood, LF, Beason, KR & Mclemore, DR (1996 a) Perceptual responses to deep water running and treadmill exercise. Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 131139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, SP, Chitwood, LF, Beason, KR & McLemore, DR (1996 b). Physiological correlates with perceived exertion during deep water running. Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 155162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullard, RW & Rapp, GM (1970) Problems of body heat loss in water immersion. Aerospace Medicine 41, 12691277.Google ScholarPubMed
Burgess, ML, Robertson, RJ, Davis, JM & Norris, JM (1991) RPE, blood glucose and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise: effects of glucose feeding. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 353359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burse, RL, Pandolf, KB & Goldman, RF (1979) Physical conditioning of sedentary young man with ankle weights during working hours. Ergonomics 22, 6978.Google Scholar
Buskirk, ER (1993) Obesity. In Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases. Theoretical Basis and Clinical Application, pp. 185210. [Skinner, JS, editor]. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
Butts, NK, Tucker, M & Greening, C (1991) Physiologic responses to maximal treadmill and deep water running in men and women. American Journal of Sports Medicine 19, 612614.Google Scholar
Calles-Escandon, J & Horton, ES (1992) The thermogenic role of exercise in the treatment of morbid obesity: a critical evaluation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, S533S537.Google Scholar
Casaburi, RT, Storer, TW, Sullivan, SS & Wasserman, K (1995) Evaluation of blood lactate as an intensity criterion for exercise training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 852862.Google Scholar
Cornish, G (1983) Personal exercise prescription. Cardiac rehabilitation and preventive medicine. Medical Journal of Australia 4, 163165.Google Scholar
Crampes, F, Riviere, D, Beauvill, M, Marceron, M & Garrigues, M (1989) Lipolytic response of adipocytes to epinephrine in sedentary and exercise-trained subjects: sex-related differences. European Journal of Applied Physiology 59, 249255.Google Scholar
de Groot, L, van ES, A, van Raaij, J, Vogt, J & Hautvast, J (1990) Energy metabolism of overweight women 1 mo and 1 y after an 8-week slimming period. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 578583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Despres, JP (1994) Metabolic dysfunction and exercise. In Exercise and Obesity, pp. 7184. [Hills, AP and Wahlqvist, ML, editors]. London: Smith-Gordon.Google Scholar
Despres, JP & Lamarche, B (1994) Low-intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease. Journal of International Medicine 236, 722.Google Scholar
Despres, JP, Pouliot, MC, Moorjani, S, Nadeau, A, Tremblay, A, Lupien, PJ, Theriault, G & Bouchard, C (1991) Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. American Journal of Physiology 261, E159E167.Google ScholarPubMed
Devries, HA & Housh, TJ (1994) Physiology of Exercise, 5th ed. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.Google Scholar
Depietro, L (1995) Physical activity, body weight, and adiposity: an epidemiological perspective. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 23, 275303.Google Scholar
Dishman, RK (1994) Prescribing exercise intensity for healthy adults using perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 10871094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, CC & Bursztyn, DA (1996) The slope method of prescribing exercise with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 9197.Google Scholar
Dunbar, CC, Glickman-weiss, EL, Edwards, WW, Conley, P & Quiroz, A (1996 a) Three-point method of prescribing exercise with ratings of perceived exertion is valid for cardiac patients. Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 384386.Google Scholar
Dunbar, CC, Goris, C, Michielli, DW, & Kalinski, MI, (1994) Accuracy and reproducibility of an exercise prescription based on Ratings of Perceived Exertion for treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise. Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, 13351344.Google Scholar
Dunbar, CC, Kalinski, MI & Robertson, RJ (1996 b) A new method for prescribing exercise: three-point ratings of perceived exertion. Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, 139146.Google Scholar
Dwyer, GB, Wallace, JP, & Whaley, MH (1994) Influence of metabolic control on the ventilatory threshold in adults with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research 25, 3946.Google Scholar
Ebbeling, C, Ward, A & Rippe, J (1988) Evaluation of the ACSM energy cost for walking. Journal of Cardiorespiratory Rehabilitation 8, 400..Google Scholar
Epstein, LH & Wing, RR (1980) Aerobic exercise and weight. Addictive Behaviors 5. 371388.Google Scholar
Eston, R & Connolly, D (1996) The use of ratings of perceived exertion for exercise prescription in patients receiving beta-blocker therapy. Sports Medicine 21, 176190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, SL, Davy, KP, Stevenson, ET & Seals, DR (1995) Physiological determinants of 10-km performance in highly trained female runners of different ages. Journal of Applied Physiology 78, 19311941.Google Scholar
Feigenbaum, MS & Pollock, ML (1997) Strength training-rationale for current guidelines for adult fitness. Physician and Sports Medicine 25, 44.Google Scholar
Fletcher, GF, Balady, G, Froelicher, VF, Hartley, LH, Haskell, WL & Pollock, ML (1995) Exercise standards: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 91, 580615.Google Scholar
Foreyt, JP, Brunner, RL, Goodrich, GK, St Jeor, ST & Miller, GD (1995) Psychological correlates of reported physical activity in normal-weight and obese adults: the Reno diet-heart study. International Journal of Obesity 17, 279286.Google Scholar
Francis, K & Hoobler, T (1986) Changes in oxygen consumption associated with treadmill walking and running with light hand-carried weights. Ergonomics 29, 9991004.Google Scholar
Frey-Hewitt, B, Vranizan, KM, Dreon, DM & Wood, PD (1990) The effect of weight loss by dieting or exercise on resting metabolic rate in overweight men. International Journal of Obesity 14, 327334.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedberg, SJ, Harlan, WR & Estes, EH (1960) The effects of exercise on the concentration and turnover of plasma nonesterified fatty acids. Journal of clinical investigation 39, 215220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glass, SC, Whaley, MH & Wegner, MS (1991) Rating of perceived exertion among standard treadmill protocols and steady state running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 7782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, GR, Prentice, AM, Davies, HL & Murgatroyd, PR (1990) Residual effect of gradual levels of exercise on metabolic rate. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 99105.Google Scholar
Graves, JE, Martin, AD, Miltenberger, LA & Pollock, ML (1988) Physiological responses to walking with hand weights, wrist weights, and ankle weights. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20, 265271.Google Scholar
Graves, JE, Pollock, ML, Montain, SJ, Jackson, AS & O'keefe, JM (1987) The effect of hand-held weights on the physiological responses to walking exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 260265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grediagin, A, Cody, M, Rupp, J, Benardot, D & Shern, R (1995) Exercise intensity does not effect body composition change in untrained and moderately overfat women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 661665.Google Scholar
Haskell, WL (1984) The influence of exercise on the concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in human plasma. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 12, 205244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haskell, WL (1994) Health consequences of physical activity: understanding and challenges regarding dose-response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 649–460.Google Scholar
Have1, RJ, Pernow, B & Jones, NL (1967) Uptake and release of fatty acids and other substrates in the legs of exercising men. Journal of applied physiology 23, 9099.Google Scholar
Henriksson, J (1977) Training induced adaptation of skeletal muscle and metabolism during submaximal exercise. Journal of Physiology 270, 661675.Google Scholar
Hetzler, RK, Seip, RL, Pierce, E, Snead, D & Waltman, A (1991) Effect of exercise modality on ratings of perceived exertion at various lactate concentrations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 8889.Google Scholar
Hill, JO, Drougas, H & Peters, JC (1993) Obesity treatment: can diet composition play a role? American College of Physicians 119, 694697.Google Scholar
Hill, JO, Melby, C, Johnson, SL & Peters, JC (1995) Physical activity and energy requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, S1059S1066.Google Scholar
Hills, AP & Wahlqvist, ML (editors) (1994) What is overfatness? In Exercise and Obesity, pp. 16. London: Smith-Gordon.Google Scholar
Holloszy, JO & Coyle, EF (1983) Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. Journal of Applied Physiology 56, 831838.Google Scholar
Hurley, BF, Nemeth, PM, Martin, WH, Hagberg, JM, Dalsky, GP & Holloszy, JO (1986) Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: effect of training. Journal of Applied Physiology 60, 562567.Google Scholar
Jakicic, JM, Donnelly, JE, Pronk, NP, Jawad, AF & Jacobsen, DJ (1995) Prescription of exercise intensity for the obese patient: the relationship between hr, VO2, and perceived exertion. International Journal of Obesity 19, 382387.Google Scholar
James, WPT (1995) A public health approach to the problem of obesity. Internationul Journal of Obesity 19, S37S45.Google Scholar
Jebb, S & Prentice, A (1995) Is obesity an eating disorder? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 54, 721728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jette, M (1975) An exercise prescription program for use in conjunction with the Canadian Home Fitness Test. Canadian Journal of Public Health 66, 461464.Google Scholar
Katz, MZ & Lowenthal, DT (1994) Influences of age and exercise on glucose metabolism: implications for management of older diabetics. Southern Medical Journal 87, S70S73.Google Scholar
Keren, G, Epstein, Y, Magazanik, A & Sohar, E (1981) The energy cost of walking and running with and without a backpack load. European Journal of Applied Physiology 46, 317324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, L, Kumar, S & Leong, LC (1994) The impact of a five-month basic military training on the body weight and body fat of 197 moderately to severely obese Singaporean males age 17 to 19 years. International Journal of Obesity 18, 105109.Google Scholar
Leutholtz, BC, Keyser, RE, Heusner, WW, Wendt, VE & Rosen, L (1995) Exercise training and severe caloric restriction: effect on lean body mass in the obese. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76, 6570.Google Scholar
Mcardle, WD, Katch, FI & Katch, VL (1996) Exercise Physiology, 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Makalous, SL, Araujo, J & Thomas, TR (1988) Energy expenditure during walking with hand weights. Physician and Sports Medicine 16, 139148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, WH (1996) Effects of acute and chronic exercise on fat metabolism. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 24, 203231.Google Scholar
Milesis, CA, Pollock, ML, Bah, MD, Ayres, JJ, Ward, A & Linnerud, AC (1976) Effects of different durations of physical training on cardio-respiratory function, body composition, and serum lipids. Research Quarterly 47, 716725.Google Scholar
Miller, WC, Wallace, JP & Eggert, KE (1993) Predicting max HR and the HR-VO2 relationship for exercise prescription in obesity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25, 10771081.Google Scholar
National Health & Medical Research Council (1997) Acting on Australia's weight: a Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Overweight and Obesity. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.Google Scholar
Noble, B, Borg, G, Jacobs, I, Ceci, R & Kaiser, P (1983) A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15, 523528.Google Scholar
O'hara, WJ, Allen, C & Shephard, RJ (1977) Treatment of obesity by exercise in the cold. Canadian Medical Association Journal 117, 773786.Google Scholar
O'hara, WJ, Allen, C, Shephard, RJ & Allen, G (1979) Fat loss in the cold – a controlled study. Journal of Applied Physiology 46, 872877.Google Scholar
Oscai, LB (1973) The role of exercise in weight control. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 1, 103123.Google Scholar
Paffenbarger, RS, Wing, AL, Hyde, RT & Jung, DL (1983) Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni. American Journal of Epidemiology 117, 245257.Google Scholar
Pandolf, KE & Goldman, RF (1975) Physical conditioning of less fit adults by use of leg weight loading. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 56, 255261.Google Scholar
Pate, RR (1995) Physical activity and health: dose-response issues. Research Quarterly 66, 313317.Google Scholar
Poehlman, ET (1989) A review: exercise and its influence on resting energy metabolism in man. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 515525.Google Scholar
Poehlman, ET, Melby, CL & Goran, MI (1991) The impact of exercise and diet restriction on daily energy expenditure. Sports Medicine 11, 78101.Google Scholar
Pollock, ML, Fiegenbaum, MS & Brechue, WF (1995) Exercise prescription for physical fitness. Quest 47, 320337.Google Scholar
Pollock, ML, Graves, JE, Swart, DL & Lowenthal, DT (1994) Exercise training and prescription for the elderly. Southern Journal of Medicine 87, S88S95.Google Scholar
Pollock, ML & Jackson, A (1977) Body composition: measurement and changes resulting from physical training. In Toward an Understanding of Human Performance, pp. 6777. [Burke, EJ, editor]. Ithaca, NY: Mouvement Publications.Google Scholar
Pollock, ML, Miller, HS Jr, Linnerud, AC & Cooper, KH (1975) Frequency of training as a determinant for improvement in cardiovascular function and body composition of middle aged men. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 56, 141145.Google Scholar
Pollock, ML, Ward, A & Ayres, JJ (1977) Cardiorespiratory fitness: responses to differing intensities and durations of training. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 58, 467473.Google Scholar
Pollock, ML & Wilmore, J (1990) Exercise in Health and Disease: Evaluation and Prescription for Prevention and Rehabilitation, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.Google Scholar
Porcari, J, Mccarron, R, Kline, G, Freedson, PS & Ward, A (1987) Is fast walking an adequate aerobic training stimulus for 30- to 60-year-old men and women? Physician and Sports Medicine 15, 119129.Google Scholar
Porcari, JP, Ebbeling, CB, Ward, A, Freedson, PS & Rippe, JM (1989 a) Walking for exercise testing and training. Sports Medicine 8, 189200.Google Scholar
Porcari, JP, Ward, A, Morris, D, Maher, M & Cuneo, P (1989 b) Comparison of weight loss in males and females after 16 weeks of fitness walking and/or diet. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, S201.Google Scholar
Powers, SK & Howley, ET (1997) Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Peformance, 3rd ed. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.Google Scholar
Prentice, AM & Jebb, SA (1995) Obesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth? British Medical Journal 311, 437439.Google Scholar
Ravussin, E, Lilloja, S, Knowler, WC, Christian, L, Freymond, D, Abbott, WG, Boyce, V, Howard, BV & Bogardus, C (1988) Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body weight gain. New England Journal of Medicine 318, 467472.Google Scholar
Ravussin, E & Tataranni, PA (1996) The role of altered sympathetic nervous system activity in the pathogenesis of obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 793802.Google Scholar
Rising, R, Harper, IT, Fontvielle, AM, Ferraro, RT, Spraul, M & Ravussin, E (1994) Determinants of total daily energy expenditure: variability in physical activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 800804.Google Scholar
Ritchie, SE & Hopkins, WG (1991) The intensity of exercise in deep-water running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 2729.Google Scholar
Riviere, D, Crampes, F, Beauville, M & Garrigues, M (1989) Lipolytic response of fat cells to catecholamines in sedentary and exercise-trained women. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 330335.Google Scholar
Robertson, RJ, Casperson, CJ, Allison, TG, Skrinar, GS & Abbott, RA (1982) Differentiated perceptions of exertion and energy cost of young women while carrying loads. European Journal of Applied Physiology 49, 6978.Google Scholar
Romijn, JA, Coyle, EF, Sidossis, LS, Gastaldelli, A, Horowitz, JF, Endert, E & Wolfe, RR (1993) Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. American Journal of Physiology 265, E380E391.Google Scholar
Saltzman, E & Roberts, SB (1995) The role of energy expenditure in energy regulation: findings from a decade of research. Nutrition Reviews 53, 209222.Google Scholar
Sandvik, L, Erikssen, J, Thaulow, E, Erikssen, G, Mundal, R & Rodahl, K (1993) Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle aged Norwegian men. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 533537.Google Scholar
Saris, WHM (1996) Physical inactivity and metabolic factors as predictors of weight gain. Nutrition Reviews 11, S110S115.Google Scholar
Schultz, LO & Schoeller, DA (1994) A compilation of total daily energy expenditures and body weight in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 676681.Google Scholar
Schwartz, RS, Shuman, WP & Larson, V (1991) The effect of intensive endurance training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism 40, 545551.Google Scholar
Seip, RL, Snead, D, Pierce, EF & Weltman, A (1991) Perceptual responses and blood lactate concentration: effect of training state. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 8087.Google Scholar
Shah, M & Jeffery, RW (1991) Is obesity due to overeating and inactivity, or to a defective metabolic rate? A review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 13, 7381.Google Scholar
Sheldahl, LM (1985) Special ergometric techniques and weight reduction. American Journal of Clinical Nutririon 18, 2530.Google Scholar
Sheldahl, LM, Buskirk, JL, Loomis, JL, Hodgson, JL & Mendez, J (1982) Effects of exercise in cool water on body weight loss. International Journal of Obesity 6, 2942.Google Scholar
Soukup, JT & Kovaleski, JE (1993) A review of the effects of resistance training for individuals with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educator 19, 307312.Google Scholar
Stefanick, ML (1993) Exercise and weight control. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 21, 363396.Google Scholar
Svedenhag, J & Seger, J (1992) Running on land and in water: comparative exercise physiology. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24, 11551160.Google Scholar
Tanaka, K, Takeshima, N, Kato, T, Nihata, S & Ueda, K (1990) Critical determinants of endurance performance in middle aged and elderly endurance runners with heterogeneous training habits. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 59, 443449.Google Scholar
Thompson, JL, Manore, MM & Thomas, JR (1996) Effects of diet and diet-plus-exercise programs on resting metabolic rate: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 6, 4161.Google Scholar
Tremblay, A, Despres, JP, Leblanc, C, Craig, CL, Ferris, B, Stephens, T & Bouchard, C (1990) Effect of physical activity on body fatness and fat distribution. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 153–151.Google Scholar
Tremblay, A, Nadeau, A, Despres, JP & St-Jean, L (1990) Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 2: Effect on glucose metabolism and resting energy expenditure. International Journal of Obesity 14, 7584.Google Scholar
Tremblay, A, Simoneau, JA & Bouchard, C (1994) Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism 43, 814818.Google Scholar
Van zant, RS (1992) Influence of diet and exercise on energy expenditure – a review. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2, 119.Google Scholar
Voloshin, AS (1988) Shock absorption during walking and running. Journal of the Podiatric Medical Association 78, 295299.Google Scholar
Vroman, NB, Buskirk, ER & Hodgson, JL (1983) Cardiac output and skin blood flow in lean and obese individuals during exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 6974.Google Scholar
Walcott, G, Coleman, R, Macveigh, M, Ross, J & Gurry, M (1986) Heart rate and VO2max response to weighted walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18, S28.Google Scholar
Weltman, A (1995) The Blood Lactate Response. Current Issues in Exercise Science Monograph no. 4. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.Google Scholar
Wibom, R, Hultman, E, Johansson, M, Matherei, K, Constantin-Teodosiu, D & Schantz, PG (1992) Adaptation of mitochondrial ATP production in human skeletal muscle to endurance training and detraining. Journal of Applied Physiology 73, 20042010.Google Scholar
Wilber, RL, Moffatt, RJ, Scott, BE, Lee, DT & Cucuzzo, NA (1996) Influence of water run training on the maintenance of aerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28, 10561062.Google Scholar
Williams, JG & Eston, RG (1989) Determination of the intensity dimension in vigorous exercise programmes with particular reference to the use of the rating of perceived exertion. Sports Medicine 8, 177189.Google Scholar
Williamson, DF, Kahn, HS, Remington, PL & Anda, RF (1993) The 10-year incidence of overweight and major weight gain in us adults. Archives of International Medicine 150, 665672.Google Scholar
Wilmore, JH & Costill, DL (1994) Physiology of Sport and Exercise, pp. 504505. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Wing, RR, Matthews, KA, Kuller, LH, Meilahn, EN & Plantinga, P (1991) Waist to hip ratio in middle-aged women. Associations with behavioral and psychosocial factors and with changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 11, 12501257.Google Scholar
Wolfe, RR, Klein, S, Carraro, F & Weber, JM (1990) Role of triglyceride-fatty acid cycle in controlling fat metabolism in humans during and after exercise. American Journal of Physiology 258, E382E389.Google Scholar
Zelasko, CJ (1995) Exercise for weight loss: what are the facts? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 14141417.Google Scholar
Zierler, KL (1976) Fatty acids as substrates for heart and skeletal muscle. Circulation research 38, 459463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed