Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T13:58:15.266Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The insect galls on willow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

S. E. Hartley
Affiliation:
I.T.E. Banchory Research Station, Banchory, Kincardineshire AB31 4BY, Scotland, U.K.
Get access

Synopsis

A provisional species list for the insects galling willow in Britain is presented. Aspects of willow biology which may be important in gall-insect species diversity are briefly discussed and the process of gall formation is reviewed for one species of willow-galling sawfly. An experiment investigating willow defences against galling, by measuring phenolic levels in plant and gall tissue, is also described.

Type
Invited papers
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrahamson, W. G., McCrea, K. D., Whitwell, A. J. & Vernieri, L. A. 1991. The role of phenolic compounds in goldenrod ball gall resistance and formation. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrahamson, W. G. & Weis, A. G. 1986. The nutritional ecology of arthropod gall makers. In The Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites and Spiders, pp. 235–58, eds Slansky, F. & Rodriguez, J. G. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ahman, I. 1984. Oviposition and larval performance on Rhabdophaga terminalis on Salix spp with special consideration to the bud size of host-plants. Entomologia Experimental et Applicata, 35, 129–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askew, R. R. 1984. The biology of gall-wasps. In The biology of gall-insects, pp. 223–71 ed. Anathakrishnan, T. N. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Baker, B. R. 1985. Sesiidae. In The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 2, pp. 369–88, eds. Heath, J. & Emmet, A. M. London: Curwen Books.Google Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1951. Gall midges of economic importance, Vol. 5. Gall Midges on Trees. London: Croby Lockwood.Google Scholar
Benson, R. B. 1958. Handbooks for the identification of British insects, Vol. 6 (part 2c). Hymenoptera: Symphyta. London: Royal Entomological Society.Google Scholar
Benson, R. B. 1960. Studies in Pontania (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Bulletin of the British Museum, Entomology 8, 369–84.Google Scholar
Blunden, G. & Challon, S. B. 1965. Red pigment in leaf galls of Salix fragilis. Nature 208, 388–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blytt, H. J., Guscar, T. K. & Butler, L. G. 1988. Anti-nutritional effects and ecological significance of dietary condensed tannin may not be due to binding and inhabiting digestive enzymes. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14, 1455–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boecklen, W. J., Price, P. W. & Mopper, S. 1990. Sex and drugs and herbivores: sex-biased herbivory in arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis). Ecology 71, 581–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronner, R. 1977. Contribution a l'etude histochimique des tissue nourriciers des zoocecidies. Marcellia 40, 1134.Google Scholar
Bryant, J. P., Chapin, F. S. & Klein, D. R. 1983. Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory. Oikos 40, 357–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhr, H. 1965. Bestimmungstabellen der Gallen (Zoo- und Phytocecidien) an Pflanzen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Jena: Gustav- Fische.Google Scholar
Caltagirone, L. E. 1964. Notes on the biology, parasites and inquilines of Pontania pacifica (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), a leaf gall on Salix lasiolepis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57, 279–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carleton, M. 1939. The biology of Pontania proximo, the bean gall sawfly on willows. Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology), 40, 575624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancy, K. M., Price, P. W. & Craig, T. P. 1986. Life-history and natural enemies of an undescribed sawfly near Pontania pacifica (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) that forms leaf galls on arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79, 884–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connold, E. T. 1901. British vegetable galls. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Cornell, H. V. 1983. The secondary chemistry and complex morphology of galls formed by Cynipidae (Hymenoptera): why and how? American Midland Naturalist 110, 225–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. P., Price, P. W. & Itami, J. K. 1986. Resource regulation by a stem-galling sawfly on the arroyo willow. Ecology 67, 419–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. P., Itami, J. K. & Price, P. W. 1990. Intraspecific competition and facilitation by a shoot-galling sawfly. Journal of Animal Ecology 59, 147–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, A. 1968. The pocket encyclopedia of plant galls. London: Blandford Press.Google Scholar
Dreger-Jauffret, F. 1983. Diversity and unity by arthropod galls. An example: the bud galls. In Adaptations to terrestrial environments, pp. 7787, eds Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki, M. & Reiter, R. J. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elzen, G. W. 1983. Cytokinins and insect galls. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 76, 1719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeny, P. 1969. The inhibitory effect of oak leaf tannins on the hydrolysis of proteins by trypsin. Phytochemistry 8, 2119–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeny, P. 1975. Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannin and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51, 565–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felt, E. P. 1965. Plant galls and gall makers. New York: Hafner.Google Scholar
Fernandes, G. W. & Price, P. W. 1991. Comparison of tropical and temperate galling species richness: the role of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status. In Plant–animal interactions. Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions, pp. 91116, eds Price, P. W., Lewinsohn, T. M., Fernandes, G. W. & Benson, W. W. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fritz, R. S., Sacchi, C. F. & Price, P. W. 1986. Competition versus host-plant phenotype in species composition: willow sawflies. Ecology 67, 1608–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, R. S., Gaud, W. S., Sacchi, C. F. & Price, P. W. 1987. Patterns of intra- and inter-specific association of gall-forming sawflies in relation to shoot-size on their willow host-plant. Oecologia 73, 159–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahlbrock, K. & Griesbach, H. 1979. Enzymic controls in the biosynthesis of lignin and flavanoids. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 30, 105–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, S. E. 1991. What are galls for? Tests of the nutrition hypothesis. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on the Insect-Plant Relationships, pp. 265–74, eds Jermy, T., Szentesi, A. Dezso, G. & Horvath, J. Budapest: Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Hovanitz, W. 1959. Insects and plant galls. Scientific American 201, 151–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, Y. & Haltori, I. 1982. A kleptoparasitic moth Nola innocua attacking aphid galls. Ecological Entomology 7, 475–8.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. E. J. & Southwood, T. R. E. 1984. The number of species of insect associated with British trees: a reanalysis. Journal of Animal Ecology 53, 455–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1972. Handbooks for the identification of British insects, Vol 11 Check list of British insects, part 2: Lepidoptera. London: The Royal Entomological Society.Google Scholar
Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1975. part 5: DipteraGoogle Scholar
Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1977. part 3: ColeopteraGoogle Scholar
Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1978. part 4: HymenopteraGoogle Scholar
Kopelke, J-P. 1985. Biologie und Parasiten der gallenbildenden Blattwespe Pontania proximo (Lepeltier) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 65, 215–39.Google Scholar
Kopelke, J-P. 1986. Zur taxonmie und Biologie neuer Pontania- Arten der dolichura-Gruppe (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 67, 5171.Google Scholar
Kopelke, J-P. 1989a. Der taxonomische Status von Pontania crassipes (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 69, 2939.Google Scholar
Kopelke, J-P. 1989b. Mittel- und nordeuropaische Arten der Gattung Pontania Costa aus der herbaceae- und polaris-Gruppe (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 69, 4172.Google Scholar
Kopelke, J-P. 1989c. Der taxonomische Status von Pontania dolichura (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 70, 271–9.Google Scholar
Kopelke, J-P. 1990a. Die Arten der viminalis-Gruppe, Gattung Pontania Costa, Mittel- und Nordeuropas. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 71, 65128.Google Scholar
Kopelke, J-P. 1990b. Wirtsspezifitat als differenzierungskriterium bei gallenbildenden blattwespenarten der gattung Pontania Costa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. 7, 527–34.Google Scholar
Mani, M. S. 1964. Ecology of plant galls. Netherlands: Junk.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. S., Martin, M. M. & Bernays, E. A. 1987. Failure of tannic acid to inhibit digestion or reduce digestibility of plant protein in gut fluids of insect herbivore: implications for theories of plant defense. Journal of Chemical Ecology 13, 605–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCalla, D. R., Genthe, M. K. & Hovanitz, W. 1962. Chemical nature of an insect gall-growth factor. Plant Physiology 37, 98103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McManaus, J., Davis, K. G., Lilley, T. T. & Haslam, E. 1981. The association of proteins and polyphenols. J.C.S. Chemical Communications 7, 309–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J. 1987. Plant galls and gall-inducers. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger.Google Scholar
Nierenstein, M. 1930. Galls. Nature 125, 348–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohfritsch, O. & Shorthouse, J. D. 1982. Insect galls. In Molecular biology of plant tumours, pp. 131–52, eds Kahl, G. & Schell, J. S. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roininen, H., Price, P. W. & Tahvanainen, J. 1988. Field test of resource regulation by the bud-galling sawfly Euura mucronata on Salix cinerea. Holarctic Ecology 11, 136–9.Google Scholar
Smith, E. W. 1970. Biosystematics and morphology of Symphyta. Biology of gall-making Nematine sawflies in the California region. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63, 3651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, F. F., Webb, R. E., Argus, G. W., Dickerson, J. A. & Everett, H. W. 1983. Willow beaked-gall midge, Myetiola rigidae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): Differential susceptibility of willows. Environmental Entomology 12, 1175–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, K. A. 1972. Handbook for the identification of British insects. Vol. 10 (part 5g) Diptera: Agromyizidae. London: Royal Entomological Society.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R., Lawton, J. H. & Southwood, R. 1984. Insects on plants. Community patterns and mechanisms. Oxford: Blackwells.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R., Larsson, S. & Gullberg, U. 1991. Discontinuous and continuous genetic variation in resistance of Salix viminalis L. to gall-midge attack. Evolution (in press).Google Scholar
Stubbs, F. B. 1986. Provisional key to British plant galls. —: British Plant Gall Society.Google Scholar
Swain, T. 1979. Tannins and lignins. In Herbivores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites, pp. 657–82, eds Rosenthal, G. A. & Janzen, D. H. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Taper, M. L. & Case, T. J. 1987. Interactions between oak tannins and parasite community structure: unexpected benefits of tannin to cynipid gall wasps. Oecologia 71, 254–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waring, G. L. & Price, P. W. 1988. Consequences of host-plant chemical and physical variability to an associated herbivore. Ecological Research 3, 205–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weis, A. E., Walton, R. & Crego, C. L. 1988. Reactive plant tissue sites and the population biology of gall makers. Annual Review of Entomology 44, 467–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijk, S. 1986. Influence of climate and age on annual shoot increment in Salix herbacea. Journal of Ecology 74, 685–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshiyasu, T. 1986. Notes on two lepidopterus species attacking the galls of Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell) (Aphidae) on Rhus javanica L. TyotoGa 37, 97100.Google Scholar
Zucker, W. V. 1982. How aphids choose leaves; the roles of phenolics in host selection by a galling aphid. Ecology 63, 972–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar