Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T23:35:20.123Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Controlled observations on patterns of activity, attention, and impulsivity in brain-damaged and psychiatrically disturbed boys

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

D. Shaffer
Affiliation:
Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.
Nancy McNamara
Affiliation:
Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.
J. H. Pincus
Affiliation:
Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.

Synopsis

Objective measurements taken from boys with and without a conduct disorder and with and without associated brain injury suggest that overactivity is a function of psychiatric disturbance rather than of an abnormality of the central nervous System. Very few of the children studied were consistently overactive or inattentive. Mothers' reports of overactivity tallied with a measure of conduct disturbance but not with objective measurements of activity or attention.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bartlett, M. A. (1936). Square Root Transformation in Analysis of Variance. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Suppl., 3, 6878.Google Scholar
Chess, S. (1960). Diagnosis and treatment of the hyperactive child. New York State Journal of Medicine, 60, 23792385.Google ScholarPubMed
Cromwell, R. L., Baumeister, A., and Hawkins, W. F. (1963). Research in activity level. In Handbook of Mental Deficiency, pp. 632663. Edited by Ellis, N. R.. McGraw-Hill: New York.Google Scholar
Daryn, E. (1961). Problem of children with “diffuse brain damage”. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 299306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depree, S. (1966). Time Perspective, Frustration, Failure and Delay of Gratification in Middle Class and Lower Class Children from Organised and Disorganised Families. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Drillien, C. M. (1965). The effect of obstetrical hazard on the later development of the child. In Recent Advances in Paediatrics, pp. 82109. 3rd edn. Edited by Gairdner, D.. Churchill: London.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, L. (1957). Psychiatric implications of brain damage in children. Psychiatric Quarterly, 31, 7292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, N. R., and Pryer, R. S. (1959). Quantification of gross bodily activity in childrcn wilh severe neuropathology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 63, 10341037.Google Scholar
Foshee, J. G. (1958). Studies in activity level: I. Simple and complex task performance in defeclives. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 62, 882886.Google Scholar
Ingram, T. T. S. (1956). A characteristic from of overactive behaviour in brain damaged children. Journal of Mental Science, 102, 550558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, C. F. (1971). Hyperactivity and the machine: The actometer. Child Development, 42, 21052110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kagan, J. (1965). Impulsive and reflective children. In Learning and the Educational Process. Edited by Krumboltz, J. D.. Rand McNally: Chicago.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1966). Developmental studies in reflection and analysis. In Perceptual Development in Children, pp. 487523. Edited by Kidd, A. H. and Rivoire, J. H.. International Universities Press: New York.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Rosman, B. L., Day, D., Albert, J., and Phillips, W. (1964). Information processing in the child: the significance of analytic and reflective attitudes. Psychological Monographs, 78, No. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, T. J., Clemmens, R. L., Hudson, B. W., Lentz, G. A. Jr., Cicci, R., and Nair, P. (1971). Characteristics of children referred because of hyperactivity. Journal of Pediatrics, 79, 618622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lahaderne, H. M. (1968). Attitudinal and intellectual correlates of attention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 320324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapouse, R., and Monk, M. A. (1958). An epidemiologic study of behavior Characteristics in children. American Journal of Public Health, 48, 11341144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maccoby, E. E., Dowley, E. M., Hagen, J. W., and Degerman, R. (1965). Activity level and intellectual functioning in normal preschool children. Child Development, 36, 761770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConnell, T. R. Jr, Cromwell, R. L., Bialer, I., and Son, C. D. (1964). Studies in activity level: VII. Effects of amphetamine drug administration on the activity level of retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 68, 647651.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, G. L., and Powers, R. B. (1967). Attention span: an operant conditioning analysis. Exceptional Children, 33, 565570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, W., and Gilligan, C. (1964). Delay of gratification, motivation for the prohibited gratification, and responses to temptation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 411417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ounsted, C., Lindsay, J., and Norman, R. (1966). Biological Factors in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, No. 22. Heinemann: London.Google Scholar
Pasamanick, B., Rogers, M. E., and Lilienfeld, A. M. (1956). Pregnancy experience and the development of behavior disorder in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 613618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peacock, L. J., and Williams, M. (1962). An ultrasonic device for recording activity. American Journal of Psychology, 75, 648652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pond, D. A., and Bidwell, B. H. (1960). A survey of epilepsy in fourteen general practices. Epilepsia, 1, 285299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, L. (1970). Motor activity in brain-injured children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 40, 783794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quay, H. C. (1964). Personality dimensions in delinguent males as inferred from the factor analysis of behavior ratings. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1, 3337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1966). Personality patterns in pre-adolescent delinquent boys. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 26, 99100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quay, H. C., and Peterson, D. R. (1967). Manual for the Behaviour Problem Checklist. Children's Research Centre: University of Illinois, Champaign, III.Google Scholar
Quay, H. C., and Quay, L. C. (1965). Behavior problems in early adolescence. Child Development, 36, 215220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quay, H. C., Sprague, R. L., Shulman, H. S., and Miller, A. L. (1966). Some correlates of personality disorder and conduct in a child guidance clinic sample. Psychology in the Schools, 3, 4447.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosvold, H. E., and Mirsky, A. F., Sarason, I., Bransome, E. D. Jr., and Beck, L. H. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20, 343350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M., Graham, P., and Yule, W. (1970a). A Neuropsychiatric Study in Childhood. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, Nos. 35/36. Heinemann: London.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Tizard, J., and Whitmore, K. (editors) (1970b). Education, Health and Behaviour. Longmans: London.Google Scholar
Schwebel, A. I. (1966). Effects of Impulsivity on performance of verbal tasks in middle- and lower-class children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 36, 1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulman, J. L., and Clarinda, Mary Sister (1964). The effect of promazine on the activity level of retarded children. Pediatrics, 33, 271275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulman, J. L., Kaspar, J. C., and Throne, F. M. (1965). Brain Damage and Behavior: a Clinical-Experimental Study. Thomas: Springfield, III.Google Scholar
Schulman, J. L., and Reisman, J. M. (1959). An objective measure of hyperactivity. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64, 455456.Google ScholarPubMed
Sprague, R. L., and Toppe, L. K. (1966). Relationship between activity level and delay of reinforcement in the retarded. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 3, 390397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stunkard, A. (1958). Physical activity, emotions, and human obesity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 20, 366372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldrop, M. F., and Bell, R. Q. (1964). Relationship of preschool dependency behavior to family size and density. Child Development, 35, 11871195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldrop, M. F., Pedersen, F. A., and Bell, R. Q. (1968). Minor physical anomalies and behavior in preschool children. Child Development, 39, 391400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weintraub, S. (1968). An Investigation of Impulse Control in Emotionally Disturbed and Normal Children of Middle and Lower Class Backgrounds. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minn.Google Scholar
Wender, P. H. (1971). Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children. Wiley: New York.Google ScholarPubMed
Werry, J. S., Cuzman, A., Weiss, G., Minde, K., and Douglas, V. (1966). Studies on the Hyperactive Child—VII—Neurological correlates. (Unpublished.)Google Scholar
Werry, J. S., and Sprague, R. L. (1970). Hyperactivity. In Symptoms of Psychopathology, pp. 397417. Edited by Costello, G. G.. Wiley: New York.Google Scholar