Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T19:19:02.318Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

DSM-IV defined conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: an investigation of shared liability in female twins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2013

V. S. Knopik ,
L. C. Bidwell ,
C. Flessner ,
N. Nugent ,
L. Swenson ,
K. K. Bucholz ,
P. A. F. Madden  and
A. C. Heath
V. S. Knopik*
Affiliation:
Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
L. C. Bidwell
Affiliation:
Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
C. Flessner
Affiliation:
Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
N. Nugent
Affiliation:
Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
L. Swenson
Affiliation:
Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA
K. K. Bucholz
Affiliation:
Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
P. A. F. Madden
Affiliation:
Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
A. C. Heath
Affiliation:
Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: V. S. Knopik, Ph.D., Division of Behavioral Genetics, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI 029 03USA. (Email: Valerie_Knopik@brown.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

DSM-IV specifies a hierarchal diagnostic structure such that an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosis is applied only if criteria are not met for conduct disorder (CD). Genetic studies of ODD and CD support a combination of shared genetic and environmental influences but largely ignore the imposed diagnostic structure.

Method

We examined whether ODD and CD share an underlying etiology while accounting for DSM-IV diagnostic specifications. Data from 1446 female twin pairs, aged 11–19 years, were fitted to two-stage models adhering to the DSM-IV diagnostic hierarchy.

Results

The models suggested that DSM-IV ODD–CD covariation is attributed largely to shared genetic influences.

Conclusions

This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine genetic and environmental overlap among these disorders while maintaining a DSM-IV hierarchical structure. The findings reflect primarily shared genetic influences and specific (i.e. uncorrelated) shared/familial environmental effects on these DSM-IV-defined behaviors. These results have implications for how best to define CD and ODD for future genetically informed analyses.

Keywords

Adolescenceconduct disordergeneticsoppositional defiant disordertwins
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 44 , Issue 5 , April 2014 , pp. 1053 - 1064
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Baving, L, Rellum, T, Laucht, M, Schmidt, MH (2006). Children with oppositional-defiant disorder display deviant attentional processing independent of ADHD symptoms. Journal of Neural Transmission 113, 685–693.Google Scholar
Biederman, J, Ball, SW, Mick, E, Monuteaux, MC, Kaiser, R, Bristol, E, Faraone, SV (2007). Informativeness of maternal reports on the diagnosis of ADHD: an analysis of mother and youth reports. Journal of Attention Disorders 10, 410–417.Google Scholar
Bucholz, KK, Cadoret, R, Cloninger, CR, Dinwiddie, SH, Hesselbrock, VM, Nurnberger, JI Jr, Reich, T, Schmidt, I, Schuckit, MA (1994). A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 55, 149–158.Google Scholar
Burke, JD, Waldman, I, Lahey, BB (2010). Predictive validity of childhood oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: implications for the DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119, 739–751.Google Scholar
Burt, SA, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Iacono, WG (2001). Sources of covariation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: the importance of shared environment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110, 516–525.Google Scholar
Burt, SA, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Iacono, W (2003). Parent-child conflict and the comorbidity among childhood externalizing disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 505–513.Google Scholar
Clark, C, Prior, M, Kinsella, GJ (2000). Do executive function deficits differentiate between adolescents with ADHD and oppositional defiant/conduct disorder? A neuropsychological study using the Six Elements Test and Hayling Sentence Completion Test. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28, 403–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dick, DM, Viken, RJ, Kaprio, J, Pulkkinen, L, Rose, RJ (2005). Understanding the covariation among childhood externalizing symptoms: genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 33, 219–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaves, L, Rutter, M, Silberg, JL, Shillady, L, Maes, H, Pickles, A (2000). Genetic and environmental causes of covariation in interview assessments of disruptive behavior in child and adolescent twins. Behavior Genetics 30, 321–334.Google Scholar
Ehringer, MA, Rhee, SH, Young, S, Corley, R, Hewitt, JK (2006). Genetic and environmental contributions to common psychopathologies of childhood and adolescence: a study of twins and their siblings. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 34, 1–17.Google Scholar
Gadow, KD, Nolan, EE (2002). Differences between preschool children with ODD, ADHD, and ODD+ADHD symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43, 191–201.Google Scholar
Heath, AC, Howells, W, Bucholz, KK, Glowinski, AL, Nelson, EC, Madden, PA (2002 a). Ascertainment of a mid-western US female adolescent twin cohort for alcohol studies: assessment of sample representativeness using birth record data. Twin Research and Human Genetics 5, 107–112.Google Scholar
Heath, AC, Martin, NG, Lynskey, MT, Todorov, AA, Madden, PA (2002 b). Estimating two-stage models for genetic influences on alcohol, tobacco or drug use initiation and dependence vulnerability in twin and family data. Twin Research and Human Genetics 5, 113–124.Google Scholar
Hesselbrock, M, Easton, C, Bucholz, KK, Schuckit, M, Hesselbrock, V (1999). A validity study of the SSAGA – a comparison with the SCAN. Addiction 94, 1361–1370.Google Scholar
Jain, M, Palacio, LG, Castellanos, FX, Palacio, JD, Pineda, D, Restrepo, MI, Munoz, JF, Lopera, F, Wallis, D, Berg, K, Bailey-Wilson, JE, Arcos-Burgos, M, Muenke, M (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders: evidence of pleiotropy and new susceptibility loci. Biological Psychiatry 61, 1329–1339.Google Scholar
Kendler, KS, Aggen, SH, Patrick, CJ (2013). Familial influences on conduct disorder reflect 2 genetic factors and 1 shared environmental factor. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 78–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Cohen, J, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Harrington, H, Milne, BJ, Poulton, R (2003). Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 709–717.Google Scholar
Knopik, VS, Heath, AC, Bucholz, KK, Madden, PA, Waldron, M (2009). Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing behavior and alcohol problems in adolescence: a female twin study. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 93, 313–321.Google Scholar
Knopik, VS, Sparrow, EP, Madden, PA, Bucholz, KK, Hudziak, JJ, Reich, W, Slutske, WS, Grant, JD, McLaughlin, TL, Todorov, A, Todd, RD, Heath, AC (2005). Contributions of parental alcoholism, prenatal substance exposure, and genetic transmission to child ADHD risk: a female twin study. Psychological Medicine 35, 625–635.Google Scholar
Lahey, BB, Van Hulle, CA, Rathouz, PJ, Rodgers, JL, D'Onofrio, BM, Waldman, ID (2009). Are oppositional-defiant and hyperactive-inattentive symptoms developmental precursors to conduct problems in late childhood? Genetic and environmental links. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 37, 45–58.Google Scholar
Little, R, Rubin, D (1987). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. John Wiley & Sons: New York.Google Scholar
Loeber, R, Burke, JD, Lahey, BB, Winters, A, Zera, M (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 1468–1484.Google Scholar
Maughan, B, Rowe, R, Messer, J, Goodman, R, Meltzer, H (2004). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45, 609–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadder, TS, Rutter, M, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Eaves, LJ (2002). Genetic effects on the variation and covariation of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatologies across informant and occasion of measurement. Psychological Medicine 32, 39–53.Google Scholar
Neale, MC, Boker, SM, Xie, G, Maes, H (2003). Mx: Statistical Modeling, 6th edn. Department of Psychiatry, VCU Box 900 126: Richmond, VA.Google Scholar
Neale, MC, Cardon, LR (1992). Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families. Kluwer: Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Nichols, RC, Bilbro, WC Jr (1966). The diagnosis of twin zygosity. Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica 16, 265–275.Google ScholarPubMed
Nock, MK, Kazdin, AE, Hiripi, E, Kessler, RC (2007). Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48, 703–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsson, U (1979). Maximum likelihood estimation of the polychoric correlation coefficient. Psychometrika 44, 443–460.Google Scholar
Reich, W (2000). Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 59–66.Google Scholar
Rettew, DC, Rebollo-Mesa, I, Hudziak, JJ, Willemsen, G, Boomsma, DI (2008). Non-additive and additive genetic effects on extraversion in 3314 Dutch adolescent twins and their parents. Behavior Genetics 38, 223–233.Google Scholar
Rhee, SH, Willcutt, EG, Hartman, CA, Pennington, BF, DeFries, JC (2008). Test of alternative hypotheses explaining the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36, 29–40.Google Scholar
Rothen, S, Vandeleur, CL, Lustenberger, Y, Jeanpretre, N, Ayer, E, Gamma, F, Halfon, O, Fornerod, D, Ferrero, F, Preisig, M (2009). Parent-child agreement and prevalence estimates of diagnoses in childhood: direct interview versus family history method. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 18, 96–109.Google Scholar
Rowe, R, Maughan, B, Costello, EJ, Angold, A (2005). Defining oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46, 1309–1316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silberg, J, Rutter, M, Meyer, J, Maes, H, Hewitt, J, Simonoff, E, Pickles, A, Loeber, R, Eaves, L (1996). Genetic and environmental influences on the covariation between hyperactivity and conduct disturbance in juvenile twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37, 803–816.Google Scholar
Tuvblad, C, Zheng, M, Raine, A, Baker, LA (2009). A common genetic factor explains the covariation among ADHD ODD and CD symptoms in 9–10 year old boys and girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 37, 153–167.Google Scholar
Waldron, M, Madden, PA, Nelson, EC, Knopik, VS, Glowinski, AL, Grant, JD, Lynskey, MT, Jacob, T, Sher, KJ, Bucholz, KK, Heath, AC (2012). The interpretability of family history reports of alcoholism in general community samples: findings in a midwestern U.S. twin birth cohort. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research 36, 1091–1098.Google Scholar
White, HR, Xie, M, Thompson, W, Loeber, R, Stouthamer-Loeber, M (2001). Psychopathology as a predictor of adolescent drug use trajectories. Psychology of Addictive Behavior 15, 210–218.Google Scholar
WHO (1992). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th edition (ICD-10). World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Yoon, HH, Iacono, WG, Malone, SM, Bernat, EM, McGue, M (2008). The effects of childhood disruptive disorder comorbidity on P3 event-related brain potentials in preadolescents with ADHD. Biological Psychology 79, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, SE, Friedman, NP, Miyake, A, Willcutt, EG, Corley, RP, Haberstick, BC, Hewitt, JK (2009). Behavioral disinhibition: liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118, 117–130.Google Scholar
Young, SE, Stallings, MC, Corley, RP, Krauter, KS, Hewitt, JK (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on behavioral disinhibition. American Journal of Medical Genetics 96, 684–695.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed