Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-21T08:50:01.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experience sampling research in psychopathology: opening the black box of daily life

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2009

I. Myin-Germeys ,
M. Oorschot ,
D. Collip ,
J. Lataster ,
P. Delespaul  and
J. van Os
I. Myin-Germeys*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Section Social Cognition, Mondriaan Zorggroep, Heerlen, The Netherlands School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
M. Oorschot
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
D. Collip
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
J. Lataster
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
P. Delespaul
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
J. van Os
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr I. Myin-Germeys, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616 (VIJV), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. (Email: i.germeys@sp.unimaas.nl)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A growing body of research suggests that momentary assessment technologies that sample experiences in the context of daily life constitute a useful and productive approach in the study of behavioural phenotypes and a powerful addition to mainstream cross-sectional research paradigms. Momentary assessment strategies for psychopathology are described, together with a comprehensive review of research findings illustrating the added value of daily life research for the study of (1) phenomenology, (2) aetiology, (3) psychological models, (4) biological mechanisms, (5) treatment and (6) gene–environment interactions in psychopathology. Overall, this review shows that variability over time and dynamic patterns of reactivity to the environment are essential features of psychopathological experiences that need to be captured for a better understanding of their phenomenology and underlying mechanisms. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) allows us to capture the film rather than a snapshot of daily life reality of patients, fuelling new research into the gene–environment–experience interplay underlying psychopathology and its treatment.

Keywords

Daily lifeESMmomentary assessmentpsychopathologystructured diary method
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 39 , Issue 9 , September 2009 , pp. 1533 - 1547
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

References

Alloy, LB, Abramson, LY, Metalsky, GI, Hartlage, S (1988). The hopelessness theory of depression: attributional aspects. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 27, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alpers, GW, Tuschen-Caffier, B (2001). Negative feelings and the desire to eat in bulimia nervosa. Eating Behaviors 2, 339–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, P, Jacobs, C, Rothbaum, BO (2004). Computer-supported cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, 253–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Axelson, DA, Bertocci, MA, Lewin, DS, Trubnick, LS, Birmaher, B, Williamson, DE, Ryan, ND, Dahl, RE (2003). Measuring mood and complex behavior in natural environments: use of ecological momentary assessment in pediatric affective disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 13, 253–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barge-Schaapveld, DQ, Nicolson, NA (2002). Effects of antidepressant treatment on the quality of daily life: an experience sampling study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63, 477–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barge-Schaapveld, DQ, Nicolson, NA, Berkhof, J, deVries, MW (1999). Quality of life in depression: daily life determinants and variability. Psychiatry Research 88, 173–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barge-Schaapveld, DQ, Nicolson, NA, van der Hoop, RG, De Vries, MW (1995). Changes in daily life experience associated with clinical improvement in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 34, 139–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, M, Wilson, T, Neuhaus, K, Sasse, J, Pfennig, A, Lewitzka, U, Grof, P, Glenn, T, Rasgon, N, Bschor, T, Whybrow, PC (2008). Self-reporting software for bipolar disorder: validation of ChronoRecord by patients with mania. Psychiatry Research 159, 359–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentall, R (2003). Madness Explained: Psychosis and Human Nature. Penguin Books: London.Google Scholar
Bentall, RP, Corcoran, R, Howard, R, Blackwood, N, Kinderman, P (2001). Persecutory delusions: a review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review 21, 1143–1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broderick, JE, Schwartz, JE, Shiffman, S, Hufford, MR, Stone, AA (2003). Signaling does not adequately improve diary compliance. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 26, 139–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, LH, Silvia, PJ, Myin-Germeys, I, Kwapil, TR (2007). When the need to belong goes wrong: the expression of social anhedonia and social anxiety in daily life. Psychological Science 18, 778–782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collip, D, Myin-Germeys, I, Van Os, J (2008). Does the concept of ‘sensitization’ provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 220–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connan, F, Lightman, SL, Landau, S, Wheeler, M, Treasure, J, Campbell, IC (2007). An investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: the role of CRH and AVP. Journal of Psychiatric Research 41, 131–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Beurs, E, Lange, A, Van Dyck, R (1992). Self-monitoring of panic attacks and retrospective estimates of panic: discordant findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy 30, 411–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delespaul, P, deVries, M, van Os, J (2002). Determinants of occurrence and recovery from hallucinations in daily life. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37, 97–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delespaul, PAEG (1995). Assessing Schizophrenia in Daily Life. University of Maastricht: Maastricht.Google Scholar
de Vries, MW (ed.) (1992). The Experience of Psychopathology: Investigating Mental Disorders in their Natural Settings. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkman-Caes, CI, de Vries, MW, Kraan, HF, Volovics, A (1993). Agoraphobic behavior in daily life: effects of social roles and demographic characteristics. Psychological Reports 72, 1283–1293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebner-Priemer, UW, Kuo, J, Kleindienst, N, Welch, SS, Reisch, T, Reinhard, I, Lieb, K, Linehan, MM, Bohus, M (2007). State affective instability in borderline personality disorder assessed by ambulatory monitoring. Psychological Medicine 37, 961–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebner-Priemer, UW, Kuo, J, Schlotz, W, Kleindienst, N, Rosenthal, MZ, Detterer, L, Linehan, MM, Bohus, M (2008). Distress and affective dysregulation in patients with borderline personality disorder: a psychophysiological ambulatory monitoring study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 196, 314–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebner-Priemer, UW, Kuo, J, Welch, SS, Thielgen, T, Witte, S, Bohus, M, Linehan, MM (2006). A valence-dependent group-specific recall bias of retrospective self-reports: a study of borderline personality disorder in everyday life. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 774–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebner-Priemer, UW, Sawitzki, G (2007). Ambulatory assessment of affective instability in borderline personality disorder: the effect of the sampling frequency. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, 238–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, SG, Boseck, JJ, Crosby, RD, Wonderlich, SA, Mitchell, JE, Smyth, J, Miltenberger, R, Steiger, H (2007). The relationship of momentary anger and impulsivity to bulimic behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, 437–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, SG, Wonderlich, SA, Crosby, RD, Wright, TL, Mitchell, JE, Crow, SJ, Venegoni, EE (2005). A study of patients with anorexia nervosa using ecologic momentary assessment. International Journal of Eating Disorders 38, 335–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelberg, MJ, Gauvin, L, Steiger, H (2005). A naturalistic evaluation of the relation between dietary restraint, the urge to binge, and actual binge eating: a clarification. International Journal of Eating Disorders 38, 355–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelberg, MJ, Steiger, H, Gauvin, L, Wonderlich, SA (2007). Binge antecedents in bulimic syndromes: an examination of dissociation and negative affect. International Journal of Eating Disorders 40, 531–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fahrenberg, J, Myrtek, M (1996). Ambulatory Assessment. Computer-Assisted Psychological and Psychophysiological Methods in Monitoring and Field Studies. Hogrefe & Huber: Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Fahrenberg, J, Myrtek, M (2001). Progress in Ambulatory Assessment: Computer-Assisted Psychological and Psychophysiological Methods in Monitoring and Field Studies. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers: Kirkland, WA.Google Scholar
Gard, DE, Kring, AM, Gard, MG, Horan, WP, Green, MF (2007). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia Research 93, 253–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gehricke, JG, Whalen, CK, Jamner, LD, Wigal, TL, Steinhoff, K (2006). The reinforcing effects of nicotine and stimulant medication in the everyday lives of adult smokers with ADHD: a preliminary examination. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 8, 37–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glaser, JP, Van Os, J, Mengelers, R, Myin-Germeys, I (2008). A momentary assessment study of the reputed emotional phenotype associated with borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine 38, 1231–1239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gloster, AT, Richard, DC, Himle, J, Koch, E, Anson, H, Lokers, L, Thornton, J (2008). Accuracy of retrospective memory and covariation estimation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 46, 642–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granholm, E, Loh, C, Swendsen, J (2008). Feasibility and validity of computerized ecological momentary assessment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 507–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, AS, Rafaeli, E, Bolger, N, Shrout, PE, Reis, HT (2006). Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries. Psychological Methods 11, 87–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greeno, CG, Wing, RR, Shiffman, S (2000). Binge antecedents in obese women with and without binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gwaltney, CJ, Shields, AL, Shiffman, S (2008). Equivalence of electronic and paper-and-pencil administration of patient-reported outcome measures: a meta-analytic review. Value in Health 11, 322–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Havermans, R, Nicolson, NA, Devries, MW (2007). Daily hassles, uplifts, and time use in individuals with bipolar disorder in remission. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195, 745–751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedeker, D, Mermelstein, RJ, Demirtas, H (2008). An application of a mixed-effects location scale model for analysis of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data. Biometrics 64, 627–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hektner, JM, Schmidt, JA, Csikszentmihalyi, M (2007). Experience Sampling Method: Measuring the Quality of Everyday Life. Sage Publications: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henquet, C, Rosa, A, Delespaul, P, Papiol, S, Fananas, L, van Os, J, Myin-Germeys, I (2008). COMT Val(158)Met moderation of cannabis-induced psychosis: a momentary assessment study of ‘switching on’ hallucinations in the flow of daily life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Published online: 18 September 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01265.x.Google ScholarPubMed
Hilbert, A, Tuschen-Caffier, B (2007). Maintenance of binge eating through negative mood: a naturalistic comparison of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 40, 521–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlburt, RT (1990). Sampling Normal and Schizophrenic Inner Experience. Plenum Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlburt, RT (1997). Randomly sampling thinking in the natural environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65, 941–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurlburt, RT, Happe, F, Frith, U (1994). Sampling the form of inner experience in three adults with Asperger syndrome. Psychological Medicine 24, 385–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Husky, MM, Grondin, OS, Swendsen, JD (2004). The relation between social behavior and negative affect in psychosis-prone individuals: an experience sampling investigation. European Psychiatry 19, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, N, Nicolson, NA, Derom, C, Delespaul, P, van Os, J, Myin-Germeys, I (2005). Electronic monitoring of salivary cortisol sampling compliance in daily life. Life Sciences 76, 2431–2443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenardy, J, Fried, L, Kraemer, HC, Taylor, CB (1992). Psychological precursors of panic attacks. British Journal of Psychiatry 160, 668–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenardy, J, Taylor, CB (1999). Expected versus unexpected panic attacks: a naturalistic prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13, 435–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimhy, D, Delespaul, P, Corcoran, C, Ahn, H, Yale, S, Malaspina, D (2006). Computerized experience sampling method (ESMc): assessing feasibility and validity among individuals with schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 40, 221–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C, Hellhammer, DH (1993). Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 19, 313–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knouse, LE, Mitchell, JT, Brown, LH, Silvia, PJ, Kane, MJ, Myin-Germeys, I, Kwapil, TR (2008). The expression of adult ADHD symptoms in daily life: an application of experience sampling methodology. Journal of Attention Disorders 11, 652–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, R, Tai, S, Jones, SH, Highfield, J, Morriss, R, Bentall, RP (2007). Stability of self-esteem in bipolar disorder: comparisons among remitted bipolar patients, remitted unipolar patients and healthy controls. Bipolar Disorders 9, 490–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koren, D, Seidman, LJ, Goldsmith, M, Harvey, PD (2006). Real-world cognitive – and metacognitive – dysfunction in schizophrenia: a new approach for measuring (and remediating) more ‘right stuff’. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 310–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lardinois, M, Myin-Germeys, I, Bak, M, Mengelers, R, van Os, J, Delespaul, PA (2007). The dynamics of symptomatic and non-symptomatic coping with psychotic symptoms in the flow of daily life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lataster, T, Wichers, M, Jacobs, N, Mengelers, R, Derom, C, Thiery, E, Van Os, J, Myin-Germeys, I (2008). Does reactivity to stress cosegregate with subclinical psychosis? A general population twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 119, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, RS, DeLongis, A (1983). Psychological stress and coping in aging. The American Psychologist 38, 245–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le, B, Choi, HN, Beal, DJ (2006). Pocket-sized psychology studies: exploring daily diary software for palm pilots. Behavior Research Methods 38, 325–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieb, K, Rexhausen, JE, Kahl, KG, Schweiger, U, Philipsen, A, Hellhammer, DH, Bohus, M (2004). Increased diurnal salivary cortisol in women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 38, 559–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Links, PS, Eynan, R, Heisel, MJ, Barr, A, Korzekwa, M, McMain, S, Ball, JS (2007). Affective instability and suicidal ideation and behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders 21, 72–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Links, PS, Eynan, R, Heisel, MJ, Nisenbaum, R (2008). Elements of affective instability associated with suicidal behaviour in patients with borderline personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53, 112–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcelis, M, Myin-Germeys, I, Suckling, J, Woodruff, P, Hofman, P, Bullmore, E, Delespaul, P, van Os, J (2003). Cerebral tissue alterations and daily life stress experience in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 107, 54–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marco, C, Suls, J (1993). Daily stress and the trajectory of mood: spillover, response assimilation, contrast, and chronic negative affectivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 1053–1063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marco, CA, Neale, JM, Schwartz, JE, Shiffman, S, Stone, AA (1999). Coping with daily events and short-term mood changes: an unexpected failure to observe effects of coping. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, 755–764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, JJ (2007). The surprisingly rich contours of schizophrenia epidemiology. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 14–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A, Rutter, M (2005). Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 473–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monroe, SM (1983). Major and minor life events as predictors of psychological distress: further issues and findings. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 6, 189–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrens, M, Krabbendam, L, Bak, M, Delespaul, P, Mengelers, R, Sabbe, B, Hulstijn, W, van Os, J, Myin-Germeys, I (2007). The relationship between cognitive dysfunction and stress sensitivity in schizophrenia: a replication study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 42, 284–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moskowitz, DS, Young, SN (2006). Ecological momentary assessment: what it is and why it is a method of the future in clinical psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 31, 13–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Murray, G (2007). Diurnal mood variation in depression: a signal of disturbed circadian function? Journal of Affective Disorders 102, 47–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, TC, Wonderlich, SA, Crosby, R, Mitchell, JE, Steffen, KJ, Smyth, J, Miltenberger, R (2006). Is multi-impulsive bulimia a distinct type of bulimia nervosa: psychopathology and EMA findings. International Journal of Eating Disorders 39, 655–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Delespaul, PA, deVries, MW (2000). Schizophrenia patients are more emotionally active than is assumed based on their behavior. Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 847–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Delespaul, P, van Os, J (2005 a). Behavioural sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis. Psychological Medicine 35, 733–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Krabbendam, L, Delespaul, P, van Os, J (2003 a). Do life events have their effect on psychosis by influencing the emotional reactivity to daily life stress? Psychological Medicine 33, 327–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Krabbendam, L, Delespaul, PA, van Os, J (2004). Sex differences in emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, 805–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Krabbendam, L, Jolles, J, Delespaul, PA, van Os, J (2002). Are cognitive impairments associated with sensitivity to stress in schizophrenia? An experience sampling study. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 443–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Marcelis, M, Krabbendam, L, Delespaul, P, van Os, J (2005 b). Subtle fluctuations in psychotic phenomena as functional states of abnormal dopamine reactivity in individuals at risk. Biological Psychiatry 58, 105–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Nicolson, NA, Delespaul, PA (2001 a). The context of delusional experiences in the daily life of patients with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 31, 489–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, Peeters, F, Havermans, R, Nicolson, NA, DeVries, MW, Delespaul, P, Van Os, J (2003 b). Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis and affective disorder: an experience sampling study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 107, 124–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, van Os, J (2007). Stress-reactivity in psychosis: evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 409–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I, van Os, J, Schwartz, JE, Stone, AA, Delespaul, PA (2001 b). Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 1137–1144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, MG, Consoli, AJ, Taylor, CB (1999). A palmtop computer program for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Modification 23, 597–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, MG, Kenardy, J, Herman, S, Taylor, CB (1997). Comparison of palmtop-computer-assisted brief cognitive-behavioral treatment to cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65, 178–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, TM, O'Halloran, DJ, Shanahan, F (2000). The stress response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: from molecule to melancholia. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 93, 323–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okon, DM, Greene, AL, Smith, JE (2003). Family interactions predict intraindividual symptom variation for adolescents with bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders 34, 450–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, F, Berkhof, J, Delespaul, P, Rottenberg, J, Nicolson, NA (2006). Diurnal mood variation in major depressive disorder. Emotion 6, 383–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, F, Nicholson, NA, Berkhof, J (2003 a). Cortisol responses to daily events in major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine 65, 836–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, F, Nicolson, NA, Berkhof, J (2004). Levels and variability of daily life cortisol secretion in major depression. Psychiatry Research 126, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, F, Nicolson, NA, Berkhof, J, Delespaul, P, deVries, M (2003 b). Effects of daily events on mood states in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112, 203–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Przeworski, A, Newman, MG (2004). Palmtop computer-assisted group therapy for social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, 179–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, KM, McSweeney, LB (2008). Depressive symptoms and baseline prefrontal EEG alpha activity: a study utilizing Ecological Momentary Assessment. Biological Psychology 77, 237–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quittner, AL, Modi, AC, Lemanek, KL, Ievers-Landis, CE, Rapoff, MA (2008). Evidence-based assessment of adherence to medical treatments in pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 33, 916–936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raoux, N, Benoit, O, Dantchev, N, Denise, P, Franc, B, Allilaire, JF, Widlocher, D (1994). Circadian pattern of motor activity in major depressed patients undergoing antidepressant therapy: relationship between actigraphic measures and clinical course. Psychiatry Research 52, 85–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reisch, T, Ebner-Priemer, UW, Tschacher, W, Bohus, M, Linehan, MM (2008). Sequences of emotions in patients with borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, P, Aydede, M (2008). The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Russell, JJ, Moskowitz, DS, Zuroff, DC, Sookman, D, Paris, J (2007). Stability and variability of affective experience and interpersonal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116, 578–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schärer, LO, Hartweg, V, Hoern, M, Graesslin, Y, Strobl, N, Frey, S, Biedermann, C, Walser, S, Walden, J (2002). Electronic diary for bipolar patients. Neuropsychobiology 46 (Suppl. 1), 10–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, JE, Stone, AA (1998). Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data. Health Psychology 17, 6–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffman, S, Stone, AA, Hufford, MR (2008). Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 4, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silk, JS, Dahl, RE, Ryan, ND, Forbes, EE, Axelson, DA, Birmaher, B, Siegle, GJ (2007). Pupillary reactivity to emotional information in child and adolescent depression: links to clinical and ecological measures. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 1873–1880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silk, JS, Steinberg, L, Morris, AS (2003). Adolescents' emotion regulation in daily life: links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development 74, 1869–1880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, C, Wichers, M, Derom, C, Thiery, E, Myin-Germeys, I, Krabbendam, L, van Os, J (2008). Subtle gene–environment interactions driving paranoia in daily life. Genes, Brain, and Behavior. Published online: 21 August 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2008.00434.x.Google ScholarPubMed
Smyth, J, Wonderlich, S, Crosby, R, Miltenberger, R, Mitchell, J, Rorty, M (2001). The use of ecological momentary assessment approaches in eating disorder research. International Journal of Eating Disorders 30, 83–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smyth, JM, Wonderlich, SA, Heron, KE, Sliwinski, MJ, Crosby, RD, Mitchell, JE, Engel, SG (2007). Daily and momentary mood and stress are associated with binge eating and vomiting in bulimia nervosa patients in the natural environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75, 629–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiger, H, Gauvin, L, Engelberg, MJ, Ying Kin, NM, Israel, M, Wonderlich, SA, Richardson, J (2005). Mood- and restraint-based antecedents to binge episodes in bulimia nervosa: possible influences of the serotonin system. Psychological Medicine 35, 1553–1562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiger, H, Gauvin, L, Jabalpurwala, S, Seguin, JR, Stotland, S (1999). Hypersensitivity to social interactions in bulimic syndromes: relationship to binge eating. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, 765–775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, KF (1996). Affect instability in adults with a borderline personality disorder. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 10, 32–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, KF, Corte, CM (2003). Ecologic momentary assessment of eating-disordered behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders 34, 349–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, RI, Kenardy, J, Wiseman, CV, Dounchis, JZ, Arnow, BA, Wilfley, DE (2007). What's driving the binge in binge eating disorder? A prospective examination of precursors and consequences. International Journal of Eating Disorders 40, 195–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steptoe, A, Gibson, L, Hamer, M, Wardle, J (2007). Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular correlates of positive affect measured by ecological momentary assessment and by questionnaire. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 56–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stetler, C, Dickerson, SS, Miller, GE (2004). Uncoupling of social zeitgebers and diurnal cortisol secretion in clinical depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29, 1250–1259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stetler, C, Miller, GE (2005). Blunted cortisol response to awakening in mild to moderate depression: regulatory influences of sleep patterns and social contacts. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114, 697–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stiglmayr, CE, Ebner-Priemer, UW, Bretz, J, Behm, R, Mohse, M, Lammers, CH, Anghelescu, IG, Schmahl, C, Schlotz, W, Kleindienst, N, Bohus, M (2008). Dissociative symptoms are positively related to stress in borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 117, 139–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stiglmayr, CE, Grathwol, T, Linehan, MM, Ihorst, G, Fahrenberg, J, Bohus, M (2005). Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: a computer-based controlled field study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 111, 372–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, AA, Schwartz, JE, Neale, JM, Shiffman, S, Marco, CA, Hickcox, M, Paty, J, Porter, LS, Cruise, LJ (1998). A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, 1670–1680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, AA, Shiffman, S (1994). Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in behavioral medicine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 16, 199–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, AA, Shiffman, S, Schwartz, JE, Broderick, JE, Hufford, MR (2002). Patient non-compliance with paper diaries. British Medical Journal 324, 1193–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, AA, Shiffman, S, Schwartz, JE, Broderick, JE, Hufford, MR (2003). Patient compliance with paper and electronic diaries. Controlled Clinical Trials 24, 182–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swendsen, J (1997). Anxiety, depression and their comorbidity: an experience sampling test of the helplessness-hopelessness theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research 21, 97–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swendsen, J (1998). The helplessness-hopelessness theory and daily mood experience: an idiographic and cross-situational perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, 1398–1408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swendsen, JD, Compagnone, P (2000). The expression of cognitive vulnerabilities for depression in daily life: a French–American study. European Psychiatry 15 (Suppl. 1), 22–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thewissen, V, Bentall, RP, Lecomte, T, van Os, J, Myin-Germeys, I (2008). Fluctuations in self-esteem and paranoia in the context of daily life. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, 143–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, KN, Phillips, LJ, Komesaroff, P, Yuen, HP, Wood, SJ, Pantelis, C, Velakoulis, D, Yung, AR, McGorry, PD (2007). Stress and HPA-axis functioning in young people at ultra high risk for psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Research 41, 561–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tournier, M, Sorbara, F, Gindre, C, Swendsen, JD, Verdoux, H (2003). Cannabis use and anxiety in daily life: a naturalistic investigation in a non-clinical population. Psychiatry Research 118, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trull, TJ, Solhan, MB, Tragesser, SL, Jahng, S, Wood, PK, Piasecki, TM, Watson, D (2008). Affective instability: measuring a core feature of borderline personality disorder with ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, 647–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Winkel, R, Henquet, C, Rosa, A, Papiol, S, Faňanás, L, De Hert, M, Peuskens, J, van Os, J, Myin-Germeys, I (2008). Evidence that the COMTVal158Met polymorphism moderates sensitivity to stress in psychosis: an experience-sampling study. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147B, 10–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vansteelandt, K, Pieters, G, Vandereycken, W, Claes, L, Probst, M, Van Mechelen, I (2004). Hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: a case study using experience sampling methodology. Eating Behaviors 5, 67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vansteelandt, K, Rijmen, F, Pieters, G, Probst, M, Vanderlinden, J (2007). Drive for thinness, affect regulation and physical activity in eating disorders: a daily life study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, 1717–1734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verdoux, H, Gindre, C, Sorbara, F, Tournier, M, Swendsen, JD (2003 a). Effects of cannabis and psychosis vulnerability in daily life: an experience sampling test study. Psychological Medicine 33, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verdoux, H, Husky, M, Tournier, M, Sorbara, F, Swendsen, JD (2003 b). Social environments and daily life occurrence of psychotic symptoms – an experience sampling test in a non-clinical population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, 654–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, PS, Beck, AL, Berglund, P, McKenas, DK, Pronk, NP, Simon, GE, Kessler, RC (2004). Effects of major depression on moment-in-time work performance. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 1885–1891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, S, Mackin, P (2006). HPA axis function in mood disorders. Psychiatry 5, 166–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegner, KE, Smyth, JM, Crosby, RD, Wittrock, D, Wonderlich, SA, Mitchell, JE (2002). An evaluation of the relationship between mood and binge eating in the natural environment using ecological momentary assessment. International Journal of Eating Disorders 32, 352–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, CK, Henker, B, Ishikawa, SS, Jamner, LD, Floro, JN, Johnston, JA, Swindle, R (2006 a). An electronic diary study of contextual triggers and ADHD: get ready, get set, get mad. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 45, 166–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, CK, Henker, B, Jamner, LD, Ishikawa, SS, Floro, JN, Swindle, R, Perwien, AR, Johnston, JA (2006 b). Toward mapping daily challenges of living with ADHD: maternal and child perspectives using electronic diaries. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 34, 115–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, CK, Jamner, LD, Henker, B, Delfino, RJ (2001). Smoking and moods in adolescents with depressive and aggressive dispositions: evidence from surveys and electronic diaries. Health Psychology 20, 99–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, CK, Jamner, LD, Henker, B, Delfino, RJ, Lozano, JM (2002). The ADHD spectrum and everyday life: experience sampling of adolescent moods, activities, smoking, and drinking. Child Development 73, 209–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalen, DJ, Silk, JS, Semel, M, Forbes, EE, Ryan, ND, Axelson, DA, Birmaher, B, Dahl, RE (2008). Caffeine consumption, sleep, and affect in the natural environments of depressed youth and healthy controls. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 33, 358–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wichers, M, Barge-Schaapveld, DQCM, Nicolson, NA, Peeters, F, de Vries, M, Mengelers, R, van Os, J (2008 a). Reduced stress-sensitivity or increased reward experience: the psychological mechanism of response to antidepressant medication. Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online: 21 May 2008. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.66.Google ScholarPubMed
Wichers, M, Kenis, G, Jacobs, N, Myin-Germeys, I, Schruers, K, Mengelers, R, Delespaul, P, Derom, C, Vlietinck, R, van Os, J (2008 b). The psychology of psychiatric genetics: evidence that positive emotions in females moderate genetic sensitivity to social stress associated with the BDNF Val-sup-6-sup-6Met polymorphism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, 699–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wichers, M, Myin-Germeys, I, Jacobs, N, Peeters, F, Kenis, G, Derom, C, Vlietinck, R, Delespaul, P, van Os, J (2007 a). Evidence that moment-to-moment variation in positive emotions buffer genetic risk for depression: a momentary assessment twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 115, 451–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wichers, M, Myin-Germeys, I, Jacobs, N, Peeters, F, Kenis, G, Derom, C, Vlietinck, R, Delespaul, P, van Os, J (2007 b). Genetic risk of depression and stress-induced negative affect in daily life. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 218–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wichers, MC, Myin-Germeys, I, Jacobs, N, Kenis, G, Derom, C, Vlietinck, R, Delespaul, P, Mengelers, R, Peeters, F, Nicolson, N, Van Os, J (2008 c). Susceptibility to depression expressed as alterations in cortisol day curve: a cross-twin, cross-trait study. Psychosomatic Medicine 70, 314–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wonderlich, SA, Crosby, RD, Engel, SG, Mitchell, JE, Smyth, J, Miltenberger, R (2007 a). Personality-based clusters in bulimia nervosa: differences in clinical variables and ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Personality Disorders 21, 340–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wonderlich, SA, Rosenfeldt, S, Crosby, RD, Mitchell, JE, Engel, SG, Smyth, J, Miltenberger, R (2007 b). The effects of childhood trauma on daily mood lability and comorbid psychopathology in bulimia nervosa. Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, 77–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed