Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T22:53:52.680Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Present Behavioural Examination (PBE)1: the development of an interview to measure current behavioural abnormalities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Tony Hope*
Affiliation:
University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford
Christopher G. Fairburn
Affiliation:
University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford
*
2 Address for correspondence: Dr Tony Hope, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX.

Synopsis

Behavioural problems are an important feature of dementia and other neuropsychiatric conditions. This paper describes the development and performance of an investigator-based interview (the PBE) for the detailed assessment of the behaviour of subjects over the preceding four weeks. The interview is designed to be administered to carers.

A test–retest reliability study was carried out on the penultimate edition of this interview; and the inter-rater reliability of the final edition was measured. These studies show that the reliability of the PBE is comparable with that of other investigator-based interviews.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

The PBE is available from Dr Hope for the cost of copying and postage.

References

Referemces

Allen, S. R., Seiler, W. O., Stahelin, H. B. & Spiegel, R. (1987). Seventy-two hour polygraphic and behavioral recordings of wakefulness and sleep in a hospital geriatric unit: comparison between demented and nondemented patients. Sleep 10, 143159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argyle, N., Jestice, S. & Brook, C. P. B. (1985). Psychogeriatric patients: their supporters' problems. Age and Ageing 14, 355360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begg, A. G. & McDonald, C. (1989). Scatolia in elderly people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4, 5354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. & Levy, R. (1990). Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's Disease. IV. Disorders of behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry 157, 8694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chenoweth, B. & Spencer, B. (1986). Dementia: the experience of family caregivers. Gerontologist 26, 267272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1968). Weighted kappa; nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement of partial credit. Psychological Bulletin 70, 213220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, Z. & Fairburn, C. (1987). The Eating Disorder Examination: a semi-structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 6, 18.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, P. & Reid, D. W. (1987). Behavioral dimensions of patients at risk of wandering. Gerontologist 27, 104107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leon, M. J., Potegal, M. & Gurland, B. (1984). Wandering and parietal signs in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neuropsychobiology 11, 155157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, C. G. & Hope, R. A. (1988). Changes in behaviour in dementia: a neglected research area. British Journal of Psychiatry 152, 406407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finestone, D. H., Larson, D. B., Whanger, A. D. & Cavenar, J. O. (1982). Hyperactivity in senile dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 30, 521523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini Mental State. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12, 189198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghaziuddin, N. & McDonald, C. (1985). A clinical study of adult coprophagics. British Journal of Psychiatry 147, 312313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilhooly, M. (1984). The consequences of senile dementia for supporters. In Psychological Approaches to the Care of the Elderly (ed. Hanley, I. and Hodge, J.), pp. 104135. Methuen/Croom Helm: London.Google Scholar
Gilleard, C. J. (1984). Living with Dementia. Community Care of the Elderly Mentally Infirm. Croom Helm: London.Google Scholar
Greene, J. G., Smith, R., Gardiner, M. & Timbury, G. C. (1982). Measuring behavioural disturbance of elderly demented patients in the community and its effects on relatives: a factor analytic study. Age and Ageing 11, 121126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, B. S., Marin, D. B. & Silverman, S. M. (1986). Serotoninergic treatment of screaming and banging in dementia. Lancet ii, 14641465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, W. M., Andreasen, N. C., McDonald-Scott, P., Keller, M. B. & Shapiro, R. W. (1981). Reliability studies of psychiatric diagnosis. Theory and practice. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 408413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, J., Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M. & Pickles, A. (1989). Adult Personality Functioning Assessment (APFA): an investigator-based standardized interview. British Journal of Psychiatry 155, 2435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, R. A. & Fairburn, C. G. (1990). The nature of wandering in dementia: a community based study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 5, 239245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, R. A., Fairburn, C. G. & Goodwin, G. M. (1989). Increased eating in dementia. International Journal of Eating Disorders 8, 111115.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, R. A., Fairburn, C. G. & O'Flynn, R. (1988). ‘Wandering’ in dementia. British Journal of Clinical and Social Psychiatry 6, 4042.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E., Everett, B., Cooper, J. E., Sartorius, N. & David, M. E. (1968). The reliability of the ‘Present State Examination’. Social Psychiatry 3, 123129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, C. (1985). Behaviour modification. In Mental Deficiency: The Changing Outlook, 4th edn. (ed. Clarke, A. M., Clarke, D. B. and Berg, J. M.)., pp. 465511. Methuen: London.Google Scholar
Levin, H. S. (1982). Neurobehavior Consequences of Closed Head Injury. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Lishman, W. A. (1987). Organic Psychiatry, 2nd edn.Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford.Google Scholar
McDonald, C., Behl, N. & Sudhakar, P. (1982). Recalcitrant behaviour problems. In Rehabilitation in Psychiatric Practice (ed. McCreadie, R. G.), pp. 5766. Pitman: London.Google Scholar
Mannuzza, S., Fyer, A. J., Martin, L. Y., Gallops, M. S., Endicott, J., Gorman, J., Liebowitz, M. R. & Klein, D. F. (1989). Reliability of anxiety assessment. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 10932001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, C. H., Hope, R. A. & Fairburn, C. G. (1989). Eating habits in dementia. A descriptive study. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 801806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilsson, K., Palmstierna, T. & Wisted, B. (1988). Aggressive behavior in hospitalized psychogeriatric patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 78, 172175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Brien, G. & Whitehouse, A. M. (1990). A psychiatric study of deviant eating behaviour among mentally handicapped adults. British Journal of Psychiatry 157, 281284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V. & Hope, R. A. (1992). A rating scale for aggressive behaviour in the elderly (RAGE). Psychological Medicine 22, 219229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, P. N., Peskind, E. R., Vitaliano, P. P., Raskind, M. A., Eisdorfer, C., Zemcuznikov, N. & Gerber, C. J. (1982). Changes in the sleep and waking EEGs of nondemented and demented elderly subjects. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 30, 8693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabins, P. V., Mace, N. L. & Lucas, M. J. (1982). The impact of dementia on the family. Journal of the American Medical Association 248, 333335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reisberg, B., Borenstein, J., Salob, S. P., Ferris, S. H., Franssen, E. & Georgotas, A. (1987). Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 48, 915.Google ScholarPubMed
Sanford, J. R. A. (1975). Tolerance of debility in elderly dependants by supporters at home: its significance for hospital practice. British Medical Journal 3, 471473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, L. H., Rupprecht, P., Pyrek, J., Brekhus, S. & Moss, T. (1978). Wandering. Gerontologist 18, 272280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, G. (1986 a). Wandering. Winslow Press, London.Google Scholar
Stokes, G. (1986 b). Shouting and Screaming. Winslow Press: London.Google Scholar
Stokes, G. (1987). Aggression. Winslow Press: London.Google Scholar
Swearer, J. M., Drachman, D. A., O'Donnell, B. F. & Mitchell, A. L. (1988). Troublesome and disruptive behaviors in dementia. Relationships to diagnosis and disease severity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 36, 784790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teri, L., Borson, S., Kiyak, H. A. & Yamagishi, M. (1989). Behavioral disturbance, cognitive dysfunction, and functional skill. Prevalence and relationship is Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37, 109116.Google ScholarPubMed
Tiller, J. W. G., Dakis, J. A. & Shaw, J. M. (1988). Shot-term buspirone treatment in disinhibition with dementia. Lancet ii, 510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ware, C. J. G., Fairburn, C. G. & Hope, R. A. (1990). A community-based study of aggressive behaviour in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 5, 337342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974). Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar