Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T01:28:42.119Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Understanding the development of psychopathy: progress and challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2017

E. Viding  and
E. J. McCrory
E. Viding*
Affiliation:
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
E. J. McCrory
Affiliation:
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: E. Viding, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. (Email: e.viding@ucl.ac.uk)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Psychopathy is an adult condition that incurs substantial societal and individual costs. Here we review neurocognitive and genetically informative studies that shed light on how and why this condition emerges. Children cannot present with psychopathy. However, the presence of callous–unemotional (CU) traits can distinguish a group of children who are at elevated risk of psychopathy in adulthood. These children display diminished empathy and guilt and show attenuated brain activation to distress cues in others. Genetically informative studies indicate that individual differences in CU traits show moderate-to-strong heritability, but that protective environmental factors can counter heritable risk. On the basis of the extant research findings, we speculate on what might represent the priorities for research over the next decade. We also consider the clinical implications of these research findings. In particular, we consider the importance of delineating what precisely works for children with CU traits (and their parents) and the ways in which intervention and prevention programs may be optimized to improve engagement as well as clinical outcomes.

Keywords

Antisocialbraincallous-unemotionaldevelopmentempathygeneticpsychopathy
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 48 , Issue 4 , March 2018 , pp. 566 - 577
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Andershed, H, Gustafson, SB, Kerr, M, Stattin, H (2002). The usefulness of self-reported psychopathy-like traits in the study of antisocial behaviour among non-referred adolescents. European Journal of Personality 16, 383–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, K, Kimonis, ER (2013). Parent-child interaction therapy for the treatment of Asperger's disorder in early childhood: a case study. Clinical Case Studies 12, 60–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin-Sommers, A, Stuppy-Sullivan, AM, Buckholtz, JW (2016). Psychopathic individuals exhibit but do not avoid regret during counterfactual decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 14438–14443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, R, Pickles, A, Sharp, H, Wright, N, Hill, J (2015). Reduced face preference in infancy: a developmental precursor to callous-unemotional traits? Biological Psychiatry 78, 144–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beitchman, JH, Zai, CC, Muir, K, Berall, L, Nowrouzi, B, Choi, E, Kennedy, JL (2012). Childhood aggression, callous-unemotional traits and oxytocin genes. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 21, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bezdjian, S, Raine, A, Baker, LA, Lynam, DR (2011). Psychopathic personality in children: genetic and environmental contributions. Psychological Medicine 41, 589–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birbaumer, N, Veit, R, Lotze, M, Erb, M, Hermann, C, Grodd, W, Flor, H (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 799–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjørnebekk, G, Kjøbli, J (2017). Observed callousness as a predictor of treatment outcomes in parent management training. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 22, 59–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, RJR, Leibenluft, E, Pine, DS (2014). Conduct disorder and callous–unemotional traits in youth. New England Journal of Medicine 371, 2207–2216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohlin, G, Eninger, L, Brocki, KC, Thorell, LB (2012). Disorganized attachment and inhibitory capacity: predicting externalizing problem behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 40, 449–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, JD, Loeber, R, Lahey, BB (2007). Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 36, 334–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cecil, CA, Viding, E, Barker, ED, Guiney, J, McCrory, EJ (2014). Double disadvantage: the influence of childhood maltreatment and community violence exposure on adolescent mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55, 839–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, Y, Hung, AY, Decety, J (2012). Dissociation between affective sharing and emotion understanding in juvenile psychopaths. Development and Psychopathology 24, 623–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleckley, H (1976). The Mask of Sanity, 1st edn/5th edn. Mosby: St. Louis, MO.Google Scholar
Cohn, MD, Popma, A, van den Brink, W, Pape, LE, Kindt, M, van Domburgh, L, Doreleijers, TAH, Veltman, DJ (2013). Fear conditioning, persistence of disruptive behavior and psychopathic traits: an fMRI study. Translational Psychiatry 3, e319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colins, OF, Andershed, H, Frogner, L, Lopez-Romero, L, Veen, V, Andershed, AK (2014). A new measure to assess psychopathic personality in children: the child problematic traits inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 36, 4–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dadds, MR, Allen, JL, McGregor, K, Woolgar, M, Viding, E, Scott, S (2014). Callous-unemotional traits in children and mechanisms of impaired eye contact during expressions of love: a treatment target? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55, 71–780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dadds, MR, Allen, JL, Oliver, BR, Faulkner, N, Legge, K, Moul, C, Woolgar, M, Scott, S (2012). Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry 200, 191–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dadds, MR, Jambrak, J, Pasalich, D, Hawes, DJ, Brennan, J (2011). Impaired attention to the eyes of attachment figures and the developmental origins of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52, 238–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dadds, MR, Moul, C, Cauchi, A, Hawes, DJ, Brennan, J (2013). Replication of a ROBO2 polymorphism associated with conduct problems but not psychopathic tendencies in children. Psychiatric Genetics 23, 251–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Wied, M, van Boxtel, A, Matthys, W, Meeus, W (2012). Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 40, 211–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essau, CA, Sasagawa, S, Frick, PJ (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment 13, 454–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ficks, CA, Dong, L, Waldman, ID (2014). Sex differences in the etiology of psychopathic traits in youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 123, 406–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finger, EC, Marsh, AA, Blair, KS, Reid, ME, Sims, C, Ng, P, Pine, DS, Blair, RJR (2011). Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits. American Journal of Psychiatry 168, 152–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finger, EC, Marsh, AA, Mitchell, DG, Reid, ME, Sims, C, Budhani, S, Kosson, DS, Chen, G, Towbin, KE, Leibenluft, E, Blair, JR (2008). Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, 586–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flom, M, Saudino, KJ (2017). Callous–unemotional behaviors in early childhood: genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change. Development and Psychopathology 29, 1227–1234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, NM, McCrory, EJ, Boivin, M, Moffitt, TE, Viding, E (2011). Predictors and outcomes of joint trajectories of callous–unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 120, 730–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, NM, Rijsdijk, FV, McCrory, EJ, Viding, E (2010). Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 49, 656–664.Google ScholarPubMed
Forsman, M, Lichtenstein, P, Andershed, H, Larsson, H (2008). Genetic effects explain the stability of psychopathic personality from mid-to late adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, 606–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, T, Langley, K, Rice, F, van den Bree, MB, Ross, K, Wilkinson, LS, Owen, MJ, O'donovan, MC, Thapar, A (2009). Psychopathy trait scores in adolescents with childhood ADHD: the contribution of genotypes affecting MAOA, 5HTT and COMT activity. Psychiatric Genetics 19, 312–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, PJ, Cornell, AH, Barry, CT, Bodin, SD, Dane, HE (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 31, 457–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, PJ, Hare, RD (2001). The Antisocial Process Screening Device. Multi-Health Systems: Toronto, ON.Google Scholar
Frick, PJ, Lilienfeld, SO, Ellis, M, Loney, B, Silverthorn, P (1999). The association between anxiety and psychopathy dimensions in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27, 383–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, PJ, Ray, JV, Thornton, LC, Kahn, RE (2014). Annual research review: a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55, 532–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frogner, L, Gibson, CL, Andershed, AK, Andershed, H (2016). Childhood psychopathic personality and callous-unemotional traits in the prediction of conduct problems. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Oct 27, Epub ahead of print.Google ScholarPubMed
Hare, RD (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist, 2nd edn. Multi-Health Systems: Toronto, ON.Google Scholar
Hare, RD, Neumann, CS (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 4, 217–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawes, DJ, Dadds, MR, Frost, AD, Hasking, PA (2011). Do childhood callous-unemotional traits drive change in parenting practices? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 40, 507–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawes, DJ, Price, MJ, Dadds, MR (2014). Callous-unemotional traits and the treatment of conduct problems in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 17, 248–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodsoll, S, Lavie, N, Viding, E (2014). Emotional attentional capture in children with conduct problems: the role of callous-unemotional traits. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8, 570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hosking, JG, Kastman, EK, Dorfman, HM, Samanez-Larkin, GR, Baskin-Sommers, A, Kiehl, KA, Newman, JP, Buckholtz, JW (2017). Disrupted prefrontal regulation of striatal subjective value signals in psychopathy. Neuron 95, 221–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyde, LW, Waller, R, Trentacosta, CJ, Shaw, DS, Neiderhiser, JM, Ganiban, JM, Reiss, D, Leve, LD (2016). Heritable and nonheritable pathways to early callous-unemotional behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry 173, 903–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, AP, Happé, FG, Gilbert, F, Burnett, S, Viding, E (2010). Feeling, caring, knowing: different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51, 1188–1197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, AP, Riley, RD, Williamson, PR, Whitehead, A (2009). Meta-analysis of individual patient data versus aggregate data from longitudinal clinical trials. Clinical Trials 6, 16–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, M, Van Zalk, M, Stattin, H (2012). Psychopathic traits moderate peer influence on adolescent delinquency. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 53, 826–835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiehl, KA (2015). The Psychopath Whisperer: The Science of Those Without Conscience. Crown: New York.Google Scholar
Kiehl, KA, Smith, AM, Hare, RD, Mendrek, A, Forster, BB, Brink, J, Liddle, PF (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry 50, 677–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, ER, Frick, PJ, Barry, CT (2004). Callous-unemotional traits and delinquent peer affiliation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72, 956–966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, ER, Frick, PJ, Cauffman, E, Goldweber, A, Skeem, J (2012). Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Development and Psychopathology 24, 1091–1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, ER, Frick, PJ, Munoz, LC, Aucoin, KJ (2008). Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse. Development and Psychopathology 20, 569–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, ER, Goulter, N, Hawes, DJ, Wilbur, RR, Groer, MW (2017). Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants. Developmental Psychobiology 59, 161–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, ER, Kennealy, PJ, Goulter, N (2016). Does the self-report inventory of callous-unemotional traits predict recidivism? Psychological Assessment 28, 1616–1624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, ER, Skeem, J, Cauffman, E, Dmitrieva, J (2011). Are secondary variants of ‘juvenile psychopathy’ more reactively violent and less psychosocially mature than primary variants? Law and Human Behavior 35, 381–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumsta, R, Sonuga-Barke, E, Rutter, M (2012). Adolescent callous–unemotional traits and conduct disorder in adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation. The British Journal of Psychiatry 200, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilienfeld, SO, Andrews, BP (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal population. Journal of Personality Assessment 66, 488–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, PL, Sebastian, CL, McCrory, EJ, Hyde, ZH, Gu, X, De Brito, SA, Viding, E (2013). Association of callous traits with reduced neural response to others’ pain in children with conduct problems. Current Biology 23, 901–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lozier, LM, Cardinale, EM, VanMeter, JW, Marsh, AA (2014). Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 627–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynam, DR, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Loeber, R, Stouthamer-Loeber, M (2007). Longitudinal evidence that psychopathy scores in early adolescence predict adult psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116, 155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malik, AI, Zai, CC, Abu, Z, Nowrouzi, B, Beitchman, JH (2012). The role of oxytocin and oxytocin receptor gene variants in childhood-onset aggression. Genes, Brain and Behavior 11, 545–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, AA, Blair, RJR (2008). Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 32, 454–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, A, Finger, E, Mitchell, D, Reid, M, Sims, C, Kosson, D, Towbin, KE, Leibenluft, E, Pine, DS, Blair, R (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 712–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, AA, Finger, EC, Fowler, KA, Adalio, CJ, Jurkowitz, IT, Schechter, JC, Pine, DS, Decety, J, Blair, RJR (2013). Empathic responsiveness in amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex in youths with psychopathic traits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, 900–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, AA, Finger, EC, Schechter, JC, Jurkowitz, IT, Reid, ME, Blair, RJR (2011). Adolescents with psychopathic traits report reductions in physiological responses to fear. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52, 834–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin-Key, N, Brown, T, Fairchild, G (2016). Empathic accuracy in male adolescents with conduct disorder and higher versus lower levels of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1–13.Google Scholar
Michalska, KJ, Zeffiro, TA, Decety, J (2016). Brain response to viewing others being harmed in children with conduct disorder symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57, 510–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, KJ (2011). The miswired brain: making connections from neurodevelopment to psychopathology. BMC Biology 9, 23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moul, C, Dobson-Stone, C, Brennan, J, Hawes, D, Dadds, M (2013). An exploration of the serotonin system in antisocial boys with high levels of callous-unemotional traits. PLoS ONE 8, e56619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muñoz, LC, Kerr, M, Besic, N (2008). The peer relationships of youths with psychopathic personality traits a matter of perspective. Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, 212–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasalich, DS, Dadds, MR, Hawes, DJ, Brennan, J (2011). Do callous-unemotional traits moderate the relative importance of parental coercion versus warmth in child conduct problems? An observational study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52, 1308–1315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrick, CJ (2010). Operationalizing the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Preliminary description of brief scales for assessment of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. Unpublished test manual, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. Test retrieved from (https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/index.php?pageLink=browse.protocoldetails&id=121601).Google Scholar
Paulhus, DL, Neumann, CS, Hare, RD (2016). Manual for the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, 4th edn. Multi-Health Systems: Toronto.Google Scholar
Rogers, JC, De Brito, SA (2016). Cortical and subcortical gray matter volume in youths with conduct problems: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 64–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadeh, N, Javdani, S, Jackson, JJ, Reynolds, EK, Potenza, MN, Gelernter, J, Lejuez, CW, Verona, E (2010). Serotonin transporter gene associations with psychopathic traits in youth vary as a function of socioeconomic resources. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119, 604–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakai, JT, Dalwani, MS, Mikulich-Gilbertson, SK, Raymond, K, McWilliams, S, Tanabe, J, Rojas, D, Regner, M, Banich, MT, Crowley, TJ (2017). Imaging decision about whether to, or not to, benefit self by harming others: adolescents with conduct and substance problems, with or without callous-unemotionality, or developing typically. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 263, 103–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwenck, C, Mergenthaler, J, Keller, K, Zech, J, Salehi, S, Taurines, R, Romanos, M, Schecklmann, M, Schneider, W, Warnke, A, Freitag, CM (2012). Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: group-specific profiles and developmental aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 53, 651–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seara-Cardoso, A, Viding, E (2014). Functional neuroscience of psychopathic personality in adults. Journal of Personality 83, 723–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebastian, CL, McCrory, EJ, Cecil, CA, Lockwood, PL, De Brito, SA, Fontaine, NM, Viding, E (2012). Neural responses to affective and cognitive theory of mind in children with conduct problems and varying levels of callous-unemotional traits. Archives of General Psychiatry 69, 814–822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sylvers, PD, Brennan, PA, Lilienfeld, SO (2011). Psychopathic traits and preattentive threat processing in children: a novel test of the fearlessness hypothesis. Psychological Science 22, 1280–1287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trzaskowski, M, Dale, PS, Plomin, R (2013). No genetic influence for childhood behavior problems from DNA analysis. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 52, 1048–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuvblad, C, Fanti, KA, Andershed, H, Colins, OF, Larsson, H (2017). Psychopathic personality traits in 5 year old twins: the importance of genetic and shared environmental influences. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 469–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E, Blair, RJR, Moffitt, TE, Plomin, R (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46, 592–597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E, Frick, PJ, Plomin, R (2007). Aetiology of the relationship between callous–unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. The British Journal of Psychiatry 190, s33–s38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viding, E, Hanscombe, KB, Curtis, CJ, Davis, OS, Meaburn, EL, Plomin, R (2010). In search of genes associated with risk for psychopathic tendencies in children: a two-stage genome-wide association study of pooled DNA. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51, 780–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E, Jones, AP, Paul, JF, Moffitt, TE, Plomin, R (2008). Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: do callous-unemotional traits matter? Developmental Science 11, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E, McCrory, EJ (2012). Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy. Development and Psychopathology 24, 969–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viding, E, McCrory, EJ (2015). Developmental risk for psychopathy. In Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6th edn (ed. Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., Taylor, E.), pp. 966–980. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Viding, E, Price, TS, Jaffee, SR, Trzaskowski, M, Davis, OS, Meaburn, EL, Haworth, CM, Plomin, R (2013). Genetics of callous-unemotional behavior in children. PLoS ONE 8, e65789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E, Sebastian, CL, Dadds, MR, Lockwood, PL, Cecil, CA, De Brito, SA, McCrory, EJ (2012). Amygdala response to preattentive masked fear in children with conduct problems: the role of callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 1109–1116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E, Simmonds, E, Petrides, KV, Frederickson, N (2009). The contribution of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, 471–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visscher, PM, Brown, MA, McCarthy, MI, Yang, J (2012). Five years of GWAS discovery. American Journal of Human Genetics 90, 7–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, R, Dishion, TJ, Shaw, DS, Gardner, F, Wilson, MN, Hyde, LW (2016). Does early childhood callous-unemotional behavior uniquely predict behavior problems or callous-unemotional behavior in late childhood? Developmental Psychology 52, 1805–1819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, R, Gardner, F, Hyde, LW (2013). What are the associations between parenting, callous–unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence. Clinical Psychology Review 33, 593–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, SF, Briggs-Gowan, MJ, Voss, JL, Petitclerc, A, McCarthy, KR, Blair, RJR, Wakschlag, LS (2016 a). Can the fear recognition deficits associated with callous-unemotional traits be identified in early childhood? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 38, 672–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, SF, Brislin, S, Sinclair, S, Fowler, KA, Pope, K, Blair, RJR (2013). The relationship between large cavum septum pellucidum and antisocial behavior, callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, 575–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, SF, Fowler, KA, Sinclair, S, Schechter, JC, Majestic, CM, Pine, DS, Blair, RJ (2014). Disrupted expected value signaling in youth with disruptive behavior disorders to environmental reinforcers. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 53, 579–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, SF, Marsh, AA, Fowler, KA, Schechter, JC, Adalio, C, Pope, K, Sinclair, S, Pine, DS, Blair, RJR (2012 a). Reduced amygdala response in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits: decreased emotional response versus increased top-down attention to nonemotional features. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 750–758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, SF, Tyler, PM, Erway, AK, Botkin, ML, Kolli, V, Meffert, H, Pope, K, Blair, JR (2016 b). Dysfunctional representation of expected value is associated with reinforcement-based decision-making deficits in adolescents with conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57, 938–946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, SF, Williams, WC, Brislin, SJ, Sinclair, S, Blair, KS, Fowler, KA, Pine, DS, Pope, K, Blair, JR (2012 b). Reduced activity within the dorsal endogenous orienting of attention network to fearful expressions in youth with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits. Development and Psychopathology 24, 1105–1116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, S, Waller, R, Viding, E (2015). Practitioner review: involving young people with callous unemotional traits in treatment – does it work? A systematic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57, 552–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoder, KJ, Lahey, BB, Decety, J (2016). Callous traits in children with and without conduct problems predict reduced connectivity when viewing harm to others. Scientific Reports 6, 20216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed