Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T01:44:32.499Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geological perspectives on the Monte Verde archeological site in Chile and pre-Clovis coastal migration in the Americas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

William R. Dickinson
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Discovery of the Monte Verde archeological site in Chile overturned the previous consensus that the first Americans into the New World from Asia were the makers of Clovis projectile points, and rejuvenated the hypothesis that migration through the Americas occurred largely on portions of the Pacific continental shelf exposed by Pleistocene drawdown in eustatic sea level. The postulate of travel along a paleoshoreline now hidden underwater is an attractive means to posit pre-Clovis human movement southward from Beringia to Chile without leaving traces of migration onshore. Geologic analyses of the Pleistocene paleoenvironment at Monte Verde and of the morphology of the potential migration route along the continental shelf raise questions that have not been fully addressed. The periglacial setting of Monte Verde may call its antiquity into question and the narrowness of the Pacific continental shelf of the Americas makes it unlikely that people could travel the length of the Americas without impacting ground still onshore and no farther inland than Monte Verde itself. Geological perspectives on Monte Verde and coastal migration jointly suggest that the Clovis-first hypothesis for peopling the New World may have been abandoned prematurely.

Keywords

ChileClovisCoastal migrationContinental shelfGeomorphologyGlacial geologyMonte VerdePre-Clovis
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 76 , Issue 2 , September 2011 , pp. 201 - 210
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adovasio, J.M., and Pedler, D.R. Monte Verde and the antiquity of humankind in the Americas. Antiquity 71, (1997). 573–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, B.G., Denton, G.H., and Lowell, T.V. Glacial geomorphologic maps of the Llanquihe Drift in the area of the Southern Lake District, Chile. Geografisker Annaler 81A, (1999). 155–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, T.G. Radiocarbon dates from the ice-free corridor. Radiocarbon 44, (2002). 437–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Arnold, M., Montaggioni, L., Cabioch, G., Faure, G., and Rougerie, F. Deglacial sea-level record from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge. Nature 382, (1996). 241–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrie, J.V., and Conway, K.W. Late Quaternary glaciation and postglacial stratigraphy of the northern Pacific margin of Canada. Quaternary Research 51, (1999). 113–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrie, J.V., Conway, K.W., Mathewes, R.W., Josenhans, H.W., and Johns, M.J. Submerged late Quaternary terrestrial deposits and paleoenvironment of northern Hecate Strait, British Columbia continental shelf, Canada. Quaternary International 20, (1993). 123–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaudoin, A.B., Wright, M., and Ronaghan, B. Late Quaternary landscape history and archaeology in the 'ice-free corridor': some recent results from Alberta. Quaternary International 32, (1996). 113–126.Google Scholar
Beck, C., and Jones, G.T. Clovis and Western Stemmed: population migration and the meeting of two technologies in the Intermountain West. American Antiquity 75, (2007). 81–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bever, M.R. Too little, too late?: the radiocarbon chronology of Alaska and the peopling of the New World. American Antiquity 71, (2006). 595–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaise, B., Clague, J.J., and Mathewes, R.W. Time of maximum late Wisconsin glaciation, west coast of Canada. Quaternary Research 34, (1990). 282–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnichsen, R., and Lepper, B.T. Changing perceptions of Paleoamerican prehistory. Bonnichsen, R., Lepper, B.T., Stanford, D., and Waters, M.R. Paleoamerican origins: Beyond Clovis. (2005). Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 9–19.Google Scholar
Borrero, L.A., Zárate, M., Miotti, L., and Massone, M. The Pleistocene-Holocene transition and human occupations in the southern cone of South America. Quaternary International 49, 50 (1998). 91–99.Google Scholar
Brigham-Grette, J., Lozhkin, A.V., Anderson, P.M., and Glushkova, O.Y. Paleoenvironmental conditions in western Beringia before and during the last glacial maximum. Madsen, D.B. Entering America:Northeast Asia and Beringia before the last glacial maximum. (2004). University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 29–61.Google Scholar
Burns, J.A. Vertebrate paleontology and the alleged ice-free corridor: the meat of the matter. Quaternary International 32, (1996). 107–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrara, P.E., Ager, T.A., and Baichtal, J.F. Possible refugia in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska during the late Wisconsin glaciation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, (2007). 229–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlin, T.C. The method of multiple working hypotheses. Journal of Geology 5, (1897). 837–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J. Glacio-eustatic effects of the Cordilleran ice sheet, British Columbia, Canada. Smith, D.E., and Dawson, A.G. Shorelines and isostasy. Institute of British Geographers Special Publication vol. 16, (1983). Academic Press, London. 321–343.Google Scholar
Clague, J.J., Harper, J.R., Hebda, R.J., and Howes, D.E. Late Quaternary sea levels and crustal movements, coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19, (1982). 597–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J., Mathewes, R.W., and Ager, T.A. Environments of northwestern North America before the last glacial maximum. Madsen, D.B. Entering America: northeast Asia and Beringia before the last glacial maximum. (2004). University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 63–94.Google Scholar
de Almeida, F.F.M., (1978). Mapa tectônico da América do Sul. Ministerio de Minas y Energía do Brasil, Brasilia., scale 1:5,000,000.Google Scholar
Denton, G.H., Lowell, T.V., Heusser, C.J., Schlochter, C., Andersen, B.G., Heusser, L.E., Moreno, P.L., and Marchant, D.R. Geomorphology, stratigraphy, and radiocarbon chronology of Llanquihe Drift in the area of the Southern Lake District, Seno Reloncaví and Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile. Geografisker Annaler 81A, (1999). 167–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Des Lauriers, M.R. Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene occupations of Isla de Cedros, Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1, (2006). 255–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, W.R. Tectonic lessons from the configuration and internal anatomy of the Circum-Pacific orogenic belt. Spencer, J.E., and Titley, S.R. Ores and orogenesis: Circum-Pacific tectonics, evolution, and ore deposits. Arizona Geological Society Digest vol. 22, (2008). Arizona Geological Society, Tucson. 5–18.Google Scholar
Dickinson, W.R., Swift, P.N., Coney, P.J., (1986). Tectonic strip maps of the Alpine-Himalayan and Circum-Pacific orogenic belts (great circle projections). Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series MC-58, Boulder., scale 1:17,000,000,Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D. Overviews of site setting and excavation. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: A late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. Palaeoenvironment and site context vol. 1, (1989). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 45–62.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D. An evaluation of the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and the human presence at Monte Verde. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: A late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. Palaeoenvironment and site context vol. 1, (1989). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 227–250.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D. Setting the record straight: Misconceptions about Monte Verde. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: A late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. The archaeological context and interpretation vol. 2, (1997). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 953–955.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D. Probing deeper into first American studies. National Academy of Sciences Proceedings 106, (2009). 971–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dillehay, T.D., and Collins, M.B. Early cultural evidence from Monte Verde in Chile. Nature 332, (1988). 150–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillehay, T.D., and Pino, M. Stratigraphy and chronology. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: A late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. Palaeoenvironment and site context vol. 1, (1989). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 1–26.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D., and Pino, M. Site setting and stratigraphy. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: A late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. The archaeological context and interpretation vol. 2, (1997). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 25–40.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D., and Pino, M. Radiocarbon chronology. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: a late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. the archaeological context and interpretation vol. 2, (1997). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 41–52.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D., Ramírez, C., Pino, M., Collins, M.B., Rossen, J., and Pino-Navarro, J.D. Monte Verde: seaweed, food, medicine, and the peopling of South America. Science 320, (2008). 784–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, E.J. Human colonization of the Americas: timing, technology and process. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 277–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, J.C. Human adaptation at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in western Canada, 11,000 to 9000 BP. Quaternary International 49, 50 (1998). 141–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyke, A.S. An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada. Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P.L. Quaternary glaciations – extent and chronology, part II. Developments in Quaternary Science vol. 2b, (2004). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 373–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyke, A.S., Prest, V.K., (1986). Late Wisconsinan and Holocene retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet. Canadian Geological Survey Map 1702A, Ottawa., scale 1:5,000,000.Google Scholar
Dyke, A.S., and Prest, V.K. Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Laurentide ice sheet. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 41, (1987). 237–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyke, A.S., Prest, V.K., (1987a). Paleogeography of northern North America, 18,000–5000 years ago. Canadian Geological Survey Map 1703A, Ottawa., scale 1:12,500,000.Google Scholar
Elias, S.A., Short, S.K., and Phillips, R.L. Paleoecology of late-glacial peats from the Bering land bridge, Chukchi Sea shelf region, northwestern Alaska. Quaternary Research 38, (1992). 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, S.A., Short, S.K., Nelson, C.H., and Birks, H.H. Life and times of the Bering land bridge. Nature 382, (1996). 60–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erlandson, J.M. Early hunter-gatherers of the California coast. (1994). Plenum Press, New York. 336 pp.Google Scholar
Erlandson, J.M. Anatomically modern humans, maritime voyaging, and the Pleistocene colonization of the Americas. Jablonski, N.G. The first Americans: The Pleistocene colonization of the New World. California Academy of Sciences Memoir vol. 27, (2002). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CA. 59–92.Google Scholar
Erlandson, J.M., Graham, M.H., Bourque, B.L., Corbett, D., Estes, J.A., and Steneck, R.S. The kelp highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2, (2007). 161–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erlandson, J.M., Braje, T.J., and Graham, M.H. How old is MVII? — seaweeds, shorelines, and the pre-Clovis chronology at Monte Verde, Chile. Journal of Island and Coastsl Archaeology 3, (2008). 277–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedje, D.W., and Christensen, T. Modeling paleoshorelines and locating early Holocene coastal sites in Haida Gwaii. American Antiquity 64, (1999). 635–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedje, D.W., and Josenhans, H. Drowned forests and archaeology on the continental shelf of British Columbia, Canada. Geology 28, (2000). 99–102.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedje, D.W., Mackie, Q., Dixon, E.J., and Heaton, T.H. Late Wisconsin environments and archeological visibility on the northern Northwest coast. Madsen, D.B. Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia before the last glacial maximum. (2004). University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 97–138.Google Scholar
Fiedel, S.J. Artifact provenience at Monte Verde. Scientific American Discovering Archaeology (1999). 1–12. (November- December) Google Scholar
Fiedel, S.J. The peopling of the New World: present evidence, new theories, and future directions. Journal of Archaeological Research 8, (2000). 39–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiedel, S.J. Initial human colonization of the Americas: an overview of the issues and the evidence. Radiocarbon 44, (2002). 407–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiedel, S.J. Rapid Clovis colonization of the Americas: chronological evidence and archaeological analogies. Bonnichsen, R., Lepper, B.T., Stanford, D., and Waters, M.R. Paleoamerican origins: Beyond Clovis. (2005). Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 9–19.Google Scholar
Fladmark, K.R. Routes: Alternate migration corridors for early man in North America. American Antiquity 44, (1979). 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, T. Arguments over early arrivals. Science 324, (2009). 1518 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, K., Johnston, P., Zwartz, D., Yokoyama, Y., Lambeck, K., and Chappell, J. Refining the eustatic sea-level curve since the last glacial maximum using far- and intermediate-field sites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163, (1998). 327–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, D., Southon, J., and Taylor, R.E. Resolving an anomalous radiocarbon determination on mastodon bone from Monte Verde, Chile. American Antiquity 70, (2005). 766–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, M.T.P., Jenkins, D.L., Götherstrom, A., Naveran, N., Sanchez, J.J., Hofreiter, M., Thomsen, P.F., Binladen, J., Higham, T.F.G., Yohe, R.M. II, Parr, R., Cummings, L.S., and Willerslev, E. DNA from pre-Clovis human coprolites in Oregon, North America. Science 320, (2008). 786–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goebel, T., Waters, M.R., and O'Rourke, D.H. The late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas. Science 319, (2008). 1497–1502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grayson, D.K. Confirming antiquity in the Americas. Science 282, (1998). 1425–1426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, D.K., and Meltzer, D.J. Clovis hunting and large mammal extinction: a critical review of the evidence. Journal of World Prehhistory 16, (2002). 313–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M.J., and Buchanan, B. Spatial gradients in Clovis-age radiocarbon dates across North America suggest rapid colonization from the north. National Academy of Sciences Proceedings 40, (2007). 15625–15630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, T.D., and Thorson, R.M. The Cordilleran ice sheet in Alaska. Wright, H.E. Jr. Late- Quaternary environments of the United States. (1983). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 38–52.Google Scholar
Haynes, C.V. Jr. Fluted projectile points: their age and dispersion. Science 145, (1964). 1408–1413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haynes, C.V. Jr. The first Americans. Science 166, (1969). 709–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, C.V. Jr. Monte Verde and the pre-Clovis situation in America. Scientific American Discovering Archaeology (1999). 17–19. (November-December) Google Scholar
Haynes, C.V. Jr. Clovis, Pre-Clovis, climate change, and extinction. Bonnichsen, R., Lepper, B.T., Stanford, D., and Waters, M.R. Paleoamerican origins: Beyond Clovis. (2005). Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 9–19.Google Scholar
Heaton, T.H., Talbot, S.L., and Shields, G.F. An ice age refugium for large mammals in the Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska. Quaternary Research 46, (1996). 186–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetherington, R., Barrie, J.V., Reid, R.G.B., MacLeod, R., Smith, D.J., James, T.S., and Kung, R. Late Pleistocene coastal paleogeomorphology of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada, and its implications for terrestrial biogeography and early postglacial human occupation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, (2003). 1755–1766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heusser, C.J. Chilotan piedmont glacier in the southern Andes during the last glacial maximum. Revista Geológica de Chile 17, (1990). 3–18.Google Scholar
Hoffecker, J.F. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene sites in the Nenana River valley, central Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 38, (2001). 139–153.Google Scholar
Hoffecker, J.F., and Elias, S.A. The human ecology of Beringia. (2007). Columbia University Press, New York. 290 pp.Google Scholar
Hoffecker, J.F., Powers, W.R., and Goebel, T. The colonization of Beringia and the peopling of the New World. Science 259, (1993). 46–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, C.E. Broken Mammoth. West, F.H. American beginnings: The prehistory and palaeoecology of Beringia. (1996). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 312–317.Google Scholar
Holmes, C.E. Tanana River valley archaeology. Arctic Anthropology 38, (2001). 154–170.Google Scholar
Holmes, C.E., VanderHoek, R., and Dilley, T.E. Swan Point. West, F.H. American beginnings: The prehistory and palaeoecology of Beringia. (1996). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 319–323.Google Scholar
Hughen, C.A. et al. MARINE04 marine radiocarbon age calibration, 0–26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46, (2004). 1059–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulton, N.R.J., Purves, R.S., McCulloch, R.D., Sugden, D.E., and Bentley, N.J. The last glacial maximum and deglaciation in southern South America. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, (2002). 233–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, L.E. Jr., and Duk-Rodkin, A. Quaternary geology of the ice-free corridor: glacial constraints on the peopling of the New World. Akazawa, T., and Szathmáry, J.E. Prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals. (1996). Oxford University Press, Oxford. 214–227.Google Scholar
Jackson, D., Méndez, C., Seguel, R., Maldonado, A., and Vargas, G. Initial occupation of the Pacific coast of Chile during late Pleistocene times. Current Anthropology 48, (2007). 725–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. Perspectives from the Old World on the habitation of the New. American Antiquity 57, (1992). 345–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T.L., Fitzgerald, R.T., Kennett, D.J., Miksicek, C.H., Fagan, J.L., Sharp, J., and Erlandson, J.M. The Cross Creek site (CA-SLO-1797) and its implications for New World colonization. American Antiquity 67, (2002). 213–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, J.W. Late Quaternary sea level change in southern Beringia: postglacial emergence of the western Alaska Peninsula. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 509–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, J.W., and Maschner, H.D.G. Coastal paleogeography and human occupation of the western Alaska Peninsula. Geoarchaeology 5, (2000). 385–414.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josenhans, H.W., Fedje, D.W., Conway, K.W., and Barrie, J.V. Post glacial sea levels on the western Canadian continental shelf: evidence for rapid change, extensive subaerial exposure, and early human habitation. Marine Geology 125, (1995). 73–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josenhans, H., Fedje, D., Pienitz, R., and Southon, J. Early humans and rapidly changing Holocene sea levels in the Queen Charlotte Islands–Hecate Strait, British Columbia, Canada. Science 277, (1997). 71–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, D.J. Chronology and new research on the Schaefer mammoth (?Mammuthus primigenius) site, Kenosha County, Wisconsin, USA. Quaternary International 142–143, (2006). 44–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keefer, D.K., deFrance, S.D., Moseley, M.E., Richardson, J.B. III, Satterlee, D.R., and Day-Lewis, A. Early maritime economy and El Niño events at Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru. Science 281, (1998). 1833–1835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunz, M.L., and Reanier, R.E. Paleoindians in Beringia: evidence from Arctic Alaska. Science 263, (1994). 660–662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levson, V.M., and Rutter, N.W. Evidence of Cordilleran late Wisconsinan glaciers in the ‘ice-free corridor’. Quaternary International 32, (1996). 33–51.Google Scholar
Madsen, D.B. Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia before the last-glacial maximum. (2004). University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 486 pp.Google Scholar
Mandryk, C.A.S., Josenhans, H., Fedje, D.W., and Matthewes, R.W. Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of northwestern North America: Implications for inland versus coastal migration routes. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 301–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, D.H., and Hamilton, T.D. Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the north Pacific coast. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, (1995). 449–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, D.H., and Peteet, D.M. Extent and timing of the last glacial maximum in southwestern Alaska. Quaternary Research 42, (1994). 36–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, P.S. The discovery of America. Science 179, (1973). 969–974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormac, F.G., Hogg, A.G., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E., Hughen, T.F.G., and Reimer, P.J. SHCAL04 southern hemisphere calibration, 0–11.0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46, (2004). 1087–1092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCulloch, D.S., (1989a). Geology of the north-central California continental margin. California Division of Mines and Geology California Continental Margin Geologic Map Series 6, Sacramento., scale 1:250,000.Google Scholar
McCulloch, D.S., (1989b). Geology of the south-central California continental margin. California Division of Mines and Geology California Continental Margin Geologic Map Series 4, Sacramento., scale 1:250,000. Google Scholar
Meltzer, D.J. Monte Verde and the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Science 276, (1997). 754–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzer, D.J. What do you do when no one's been there before?: thoughts on the exploration and colonization of the New World. Jablonski, N.G. The first Americans: The Pleistocene colonization of the New World. California Academy of Sciences Memoir vol. 27, (2002). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CA. 27–58.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D.J. First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America. (2009). University of California Press, Berkeley. 446 pp.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D.J., Grayson, D.K., Ardila, G., Barker, A.W., Dincauze, D.F., Haynes, C.V., Mena, F., Núñez, L., and Stafford, D.J. On the Pleistocene antiquity of Monte Verde, southern Chile. American Antiquity 62, (1997). 659–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miracle, P. Through the Clovis barrier. Antiquity 73, (1999). 944–947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrow, J.E., and Morrow, T.A. Geographic variation in fluted projectile points: a hemispheric perspective. American Antiquity 64, (1999). 215–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pino, M. Regional and site geology. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: A late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. Palaeoenvironment and site context vol. 1, (1989). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 89–131.Google Scholar
Pino, M. Corrected Illustrations for Volume 1, Chapter 5. Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde: A late Pleistocene settlement in Chile. The archaeological context and interpretation vol. 2, (1997). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. interleaves between pp 815 and 817 Google Scholar
Pino Quivira, M., and Dillehay, T.D. Monte Verde, south-central Chile: stratigraphy, climate change, and human settlement. Geoarchaeology 3, (1988). 177–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, S.C. Pleistocene glaciation in the Southern Lake District of Chile. Quaternary Research 16, (1981). 263–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powers, W.R., and Hoffecker, J.F. Late Pleistocene settlement in the Nenana valley, central Alaska. American Antiquity 54, (1989). 263–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, J.C. Jr., Wheeler, J.O., Tucholke, B.E., (2005). Geologic map of North America. Geological Society of America, Boulder., scale 1:5,000,000.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J. et al. INTCAL04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0–26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46, (2004). 1029–1058.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J. et al. INTCAL09 and MARINE09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51, (2009). 1111–1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rick, T.C., Erlandson, J.M., Vellanoweth, R.L., and Braje, T.J. From Pleistocene mariners to complex hunter- gatherers: The archaeology of the California Channel Islands. Journal of World Prehistory 19, (2005). 169–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roosevelt, A.C. Who's on first?. Natural History 109, 6 (2000). 76–79.Google Scholar
Sandweiss, D.H., McInnis, H., Burger, R.L., Cano, A., Ojeda, B., Paredes, R., del Carmen Sandweiss, M., and Glascock, M.D. Quebrada Jaguay: early South American maritime adaptations. Science 281, (1998). 1830–1832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddall, M., Rohling, E.J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, A.C., Meisshner, D., Schmelzer, L., and Smeed, D.A. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature 423, (2003). 853–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, B.S., Ackert, R.P. Jr., and Gillou, H. 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar chronology of Pleistocene glaciations in Patagonia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, (2004). 434–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, D., Bonnichsen, R., Meggers, B., and Steele, D.G. Paleoamerican origins: models, evidence, and future directions. Bonnichsen, R., Lepper, B.T., Stanford, S., and Waters, M.R. Paleoamerican origins: Beyond Clovis. (2005). Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 313–353.Google Scholar
Taylor, R.E., Haynes, C.V. Jr., and Stuiver, M. Clovis and Folsom age estimates: stratigraphic context and radiocarbon calibration. Antiquity 70, (1996). 515–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorson, R.M. Ice-sheet glaciation of the Puget lowland, Washington, during the Vashon Stade (late Pleistocene). Quaternary Research 13, (1980). 303–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, B.G., Mathewes, R.W., and Clague, J.J. Ice-free conditions on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at the height of late Wisconsin glaciation. Science 218, (1982). 675–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, M.R., Stafford, T.W. Jr. Redefining the age of Clovis: implications for the peopling of the Americas. Science 315, (2007). 1122–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, F.H. The study of Beringia. West, F.H. American beginnings: The prehistory and palaeoecology of Beringia. (1996). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1–10.Google Scholar
White, J.M., Mathewes, R.W., and Matthews, W.H. Late Pleistocene chronology and environment of the “ice-free corridor” of northwestern Alberta. Quaternary Research 24, (1985). 173–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar