Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T01:26:55.130Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lake Agassiz during the Younger Dryas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

James T. Teller
James T. Teller*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Tel:. 1 204 269 3851. E-mail address:tellerjt@ms.umanitoba.ca (J.T. Teller).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Lake Agassiz was ponded on the northward-sloping surface of the Hudson Bay and Arctic Ocean basins, as the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated. The level of Lake Agassiz abruptly fell ~ 12.9 cal (11 14C) ka BP, exposing the lake floor over a large region for > 1000 yr. The routing of overflow during this (Moorhead low-water) period is uncertain, and there is evidence on the continent and in ocean basins for both an easterly route through the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence to the North Atlantic and for a northwesterly route through the Clearwater–Athabasca–Mackenzie system to the Arctic Ocean. The Moorhead low water phase coincides with the Younger Dryas cooling, and a cause–effect relationship has been proposed by attributing a change in ocean thermohaline circulation to the re-routing of Lake Agassiz freshwaters from the Gulf of Mexico to more northern oceans. Paleoclimatic interpretations from ecosystems in lake sediments in the region, and a simple calculation of the paleohydrological budget of Lake Agassiz, indicate that the climate remained wet and cool throughout the YD in this region, and was not warm nor dry enough to allow evaporative loss to offset the influx of meltwater and precipitation; thus, the Moorhead phase resulted from changes in the outlet that carried overflow.

Keywords

Lake AgassizYounger DryasOverflowPaleoclimate
Type
Review Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 80 , Issue 3 , November 2013 , pp. 361 - 369
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alley, R.B., (2007). Wally was right: predictive ability of the North Atlantic “Conveyor Belt” hypothesis for abrupt climate change. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 35, 241–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, T., Lewis, C.F.M., (1992). Evidence for ice margin retreat and proglacial lake (Agassiz?) drainage by about 11 ka, Clearwater River spillway area, Saskatchewan. Current Research, Part B, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92-1B, 7–11.Google Scholar
Antevs, E., (1951). Glacial clay in Steep Rock Lake, Ontario, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 62, 1223–1262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arndt, B.M., (1977). Stratigraphy of offshore sediment, Lake Agassiz, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigation 60, (58 pp.).Google Scholar
Ashworth, A., Cvancara, A., (1983). Paleoecology of the southern part of the Lake Agassiz basin. Teller, J., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association Canada, Special Paper 26, 133–156.Google Scholar
Bajc, A., Schwert, D., Warner, B., Williams, N., (2000). A reconstruction of Moorhead and Emerson Phase environments along the eastern margin of glacial Lake Agassiz, Rainy River basin, northwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, 1335–1353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V., Bunker, R., (1985). Cataclysmic late Pleistocene flooding from Glacial Lake Missoula: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews 4, 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, D.C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A.E., Andrews, J.T., Kerwin, M.W., Bilodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southon, J., Morehead, M.D., Gagnon, J.-M., (1999). Forcing of the cold event of 8200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature 400, 344–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, M., (2003). Paleoecology of an early Holocene wetland on the Canadian Prairies. Geogeographie Physique et Quaternaire 57, 139–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, M., Running, G., Havholm, K., (2003). Paleoecology and geochronology of glacial Lake Hind during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition: a context for Folsom surface finds on the Canadian Prairies. Geoarchaeology 18, 583–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, J.H., (1969). The Lake Missoula floods and Channeled Scabland. Journal of Geology 77, 505–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broecker, W., Peteet, D., Rind, D., (1985). Does the ocean–atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation?. Nature 315, 21–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broecker, W., Andree, M., Wolfli, W., Oeschger, H., Bonani, G., Kennett, J., Peteet, D., (1988). The chronology of the last deglaciation: implications to the cause of the Younger Dryas. Paleoceanography 3, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broecker, W., Kennett, J., Flower, B., Teller, J., Trumbore, S., Bonani, G., Wolfli, W., (1989). Routing of meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the younger Dryas cold episode. Nature 341, 318–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, A., Clark, P., (2012). Ice sheet sources of sea level rise and fresh water discharge during the last deglaciation. Reviews of Geophysics 50, RG4007 10.1029/2011RG000371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, A., Clark, P., Haley, B., Klinkhammer, G., Simmons, K., Brook, E., Meissner, K., (2007). Geochemical proxies of North American freshwater routing during the Younger Dryas cold event. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 6556–6561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, A., Clark, P., Hostetler, S., (2009). Comment: radiocarbon deglaciation chronology of the Thunder Bay, Ontario area and implications for ice sheet patterns. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2546–2547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, E.A., (1979). The Wisconsinan deglaciation of southern Saskatchewan and adjacent areas. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 913–938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J., Grimm, E., Lynch, J., Mueller, P., (2001a). Effects of Holocene climate change on the C 4 grassland/woodland boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Ecology 82, 620–636.Google Scholar
Clark, P., Marshall, S., Clarke, G., Hostetler, S., Licciardi, J., Teller, J., (2001b). Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation. Science 293, 283–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, J., Grimm, E., Donovan, J., Fritz, S., Engstrom, D., Almendinger, J., (2002). Drought cycles and landscape responses to past aridity on prairies of the northern Great Plains, USA. Ecology 83, 595–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, G.K.C., Leverington, D.W., Teller, J.T., Dyke, A.S., (2004). Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 BP cold event. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 389–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, L., (1983). Chronology of Lake Agassiz drainage to Lake Superior. Teller, J.T., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Special Paper 26, Geological Association of Canada, 291–307.Google Scholar
Clayton, L., Moran, S., Bluemle, J., (1965). Intersecting minor lineations on Lake Agassiz plain. Journal of Geology 73, 652–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CNC/IHD (Canadian National Committee for International Hydrological Decade), . (/IHD (Canadian National Committee for International Hydrological Decade), 1978). Hydrological Atlas of Canada. Fisheries and Environment, Canada.34 pp.Google Scholar
Condron, A., Winsor, P., (2012). Meltwater routing and the Younger Dryas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, 19,929–19,933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cronin, T.M., Manley, P., Brachfeld, S., Manley, T., Willard, D., Guilbault, J.-P., Rayburn, J., Berke, M., (2008). Impacts of post-glacial lake drainage events and revised chronology of the Champlain Sea episode 13–9 ka. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 262, 46–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, T., Rayburn, J., Guilbault, R., Thunell, R., Franzi, D., (2012). Stable isotope evidence for glacial lake drainge through the St. Lawrence Estuary, eastern Canada, 13.1–12.9 ka. Quaternary International 260, 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curry, B., (1997). Paleochemistry of Lakes Agassiz and Manitoba based on ostracodes. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, 699–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deVernal, A., Hillaire-Marcel, , Bilodeau, G., (1996). Reduced meltwater outflow from the Laurentide ice margin during the Younger Dryas. Nature 381, 774–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drexler, C., Farrand, W., Hughes, J., (1983). Correlation of glacial lakes in the Superior basin with eastward discharge events from Lake Agassiz. Teller, J., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association Canada, Special Paper 26, 309–329.Google Scholar
Dyke, A., (2004). An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada. Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. Quaternary glaciations—extent and chronology, part II: North America. Developments in Quaternary Science 2b, Elsevier, Amsterdam.373–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyke, A.S., Prest, V.K., (1987). Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 41, 237–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elson, J.A., (1967). Geology of glacial Lake Agassiz. Mayer-Oakes, W.J. Life, Land, and Water. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg.37–95.Google Scholar
Fanning, A.F., Weaver, A.J., (1997). Temporal geographical meltwater influences on the North Atlantic conveyor: implications for the Younger Dryas. Paleoceanography 12, 307–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenton, M., Moran, S., Teller, J., Clayton, L., (1983). Quaternary stratigraphy and history in the southern part of the Lake Agassiz basin. Teller, J., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association Canada, Special Paper 26, 49–74.Google Scholar
Fisher, T., Lowell, T., (2012). Testing northwest drainage from Lake Agassiz using extant ice margin and strandline data. Quaternary International 260, 106–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T.G., Smith, D.G., (1994). Glacial Lake Agassiz: its northwest maximum extent and outlet in Saskatchewan (Emerson phase). Quaternary Science Reviews 13, 845–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T.G., Smith, D.G., Andrews, J.T., (2002). Preboreal oscillation caused by a glacial Lake Agassiz flood. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 873–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T., Lowell, T., Loope, H., (2006). Comment on “alternative routing of Lake Agassiz overflow during the Younger Dryas: new dates, paleotopography, and a re-evaluation” by Teller et al. (2005). Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 1137–1141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T., Yansa, C., Lowell, T., Lepper, K., Hajdas, I., Ashworth, A., (2008a). The chronology, climate, and confusion of the Moorhead phase of glacial Lake Agassiz: new results from the Ojata beach, North Dakota, U.S.A.. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1124–1135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T., Lowell, T., Kelly, M., Lepper, K., (2008b). The chronology of Lake Agassiz overflow. American Quaternary Association, Program and Abstracts. Penn State University, 28–29.Google Scholar
Fisher, T., Waterson, N., Lowell, T.V., Hajdas, I., (2009). Deglaciation ages and meltwater routing in the Fort McMurray Region, northeastern Alberta and northwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 1608–1624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzales, L., Grimm, E., (2009). Synchronization of late-glacial vegetation changes at Crystal Lake, Illinois, USA with the North Atlantic Event stratigraphy. Quaternary Research 72, 234–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, E., Donovan, J., Brown, K., (2011). A high-resolution record of climate variability and landscape response from Kettle Lake, northern Great Plains, North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 2626–2650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J., Chan, L.-H., (2004). Ba/Ca in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma as an indicator of deglacial meltwater discharge into the western Arctic Ocean. Paleoceanography 19, PA 1017 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hostetler, S., Bartlein, P., Clark, P., Small, E., Solomon, A., (2000). Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago. Nature 405, 334–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, F.S., Wright, H.E., Ito, E., Lease, K., (1997). Climatic effects of glacial Lake Agassiz in the Midwestern United States during the last deglaciation. Geology 25, 207–210.Google Scholar
Jacobson, G., Webb, T., Grimm, E., (1987). Patterns and rates of vegetation change during the deglaciation of eastern North America. Wright, H.E. North America and Adjacent Oceans during the Last Deglaciation. Geology of North America Geological Society of America, Boulder.277–288.Google Scholar
Johnson, R.G., McClure, B.T., (1976). A model for northern hemisphere continental ice sheet variation. Quaternary Research 6, 325–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, W.A., (1916). The genesis of Lake Agassiz. Journal of Geology 24, 625–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, W.A., (1946). Glacial Lake Agassiz, with special reference to the mode of deformation of the beaches. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 7, (20 pp.).Google Scholar
Keigwin, L.D., Jones, G.A., (1995). The marine record of deglaciation from the continental margin off Nova Scotia. Paleoceanography 10, 973–985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutzbach, J., Gallimore, R., Harrison, S., Behling, P., Selin, R., Laarif, F., (1998). Climate and biome simulations for the past 21,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 473–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Last, W., Teller, J., (1983). Holocene climate and hydrology of the Lake Manitoba basin. Teller, J., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association Canada, Special Paper 26, 333–353.Google Scholar
Last, W., Teller, J., (2002). Paleolimnology of Lake Manitoba, Canada: the lithostratigraphic evidence. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 56, 135–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lensky, N., Dvorkin, Y., Lyakhovsky, V., Gertman, I., Gavrieli, I., (2005). Water, salt, and energy balances of the Dead Sea. Water Resources Research 41, 10.1029/2005wr004084(13 pp., W12418).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepper, K., Gorz, K., Fisher, T., Lowell, T., (2011). Age determinations for glacial Lake Agassiz shorelines west of Fargo, North Dakota, USA. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, 1199–1207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leverett, F., (1932). Quaternary geology of Minnesota and parts of adjacent states. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 161, (49 pp.).Google Scholar
Leverington, D.W., Teller, J.T., (2003). Paleotopographic reconstructions of the eastern outlets of glacial Lake Agassiz. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 1259–1278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leverington, D.W., Mann, J.D., Teller, J.T., (2000). Changes in the bathymetry and volume of glacial Lake Agassiz between 11,000 and 9300 14C yr B.P. Quaternary Research 54, 174–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leverington, D.W., Mann, J.D., Teller, J.T., (2002). Changes in the bathymetry and volume of glacial Lake Agassiz between 9200 and 7600 14Cyr B.P. Quaternary Research 57, 244–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Licciardi, J., Clark, P., Jensen, J., MacAyeal, D., (1998). Deglaciation of a soft-bedded Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 427–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Licciardi, J., Teller, J., Clark, P., (1999). Freshwater routing by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. Clark, P., Webb, P., Keigwin, L. Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales. American Geophysical Union, Monograph 112, 177–202.Google Scholar
Liu, X., Fisher, T., Lowell, T., (2012). Using lacustrine sediment to test the evaporation hypothesis to explain the Moorhead low phase of Lake Agassiz. American Quaternary Association (AMQUA), Duluth, Program and Abstracts. 81.Google Scholar
Lowell, T., Fisher, T., (2009). Reply to comments by Carlson et al. (2009) on “radiocarbon deglaciation chronology of the Thunder Bay, Ontario area and implications for ice sheet retreat patterns”. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2548–2550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, T., Larson, G., Hughes, J., Denton, G., (1999). Age verification of the Marquette buried forest and the Younger Dryas advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, 383–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, T., Fisher, T., Hajdas, I., Glover, K., Loope, H., Henry, T., (2009). Radiocarbon deglaciation chronology of the Thunder Bay, Ontario area and implications for ice sheet retreat patterns. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 1597–1607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, T., Applegate, P., Fisher, T., Lepper, K., (2012). Can evaporation match meltwater input? A story to be told from the Lake Agassiz basin. American Quaternary Association (AMQUA), Duluth, Program and Abstracts. 85.Google Scholar
Maccali, J., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Carignan, J., Reisberg, L., (2012). Pb isotopes and geochemical monitoring of Arctic sedimentary supplies and water mass export through Fram Strait since the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 27, PA1201 10.1029/2011PA002152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manabe, S., Stouffer, R.J., (1997). Coupled ocean–atmosphere model response to freshwater input: comparison to Younger Dryas event. Paleoceanography 12, 321–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, K., Teller, J., (2012). Origin of the Herman–Norcross–Tintah sequence of Lake Agassiz beaches in Manitoba, Canada. Geomorphology 151–152, 77–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minning, G.V., Cowan, W.R., Sharpe, D.R., Warman, T.A., (1994). Quaternary geology and drift composition, Lake of the Woods region, northwestern Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 436, (239 pp.).Google Scholar
Murton, J., Bateman, M., Dallimore, S., Teller, J., Yang, Z., (2010a). Outburst flooding from glacial Lake Agassiz along the Mackenzie River and into the Arctic Ocean at the start of the Younger Dryas. Nature 464, 740–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murton, J., Bateman, M., Yang, Z., Dallimore, S., Teller, J., (2010b). Meltwater flow to the Arctic Ocean from glacial Lake Agassiz during the Younger Dryas. Abstracts for meeting of Arctic Paleoclimate and its Extremes (APEX) and Meltwater Routing & Ocean–Cryosphere–Atmosphere (MOCA), Iceland. Google Scholar
Not, C., Hillaire-Marcel, C., (2012). Enhanced sea-ice export from the Arctic during the Younger Dryas. Nature Communications 3, 647 10.1038/ncomms1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polyak, L., Darby, D., Bischof, J., Jakobsson, M., (2007). Stratigraphic constraints on late Pleistocene glacial erosion and deglaciation of the Chukchi margin, Arctic Ocean. Quaternary Research 67, 234–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahmstorf, S., (1995). Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle. Nature 378, 145–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rind, D., deMenocal, P., Russell, G., Sheth, S., Collins, D., Schmidt, G., Teller, J., (2001). Effects of glacial meltwater in the GISS coupled atmosphere-ocean model: part 1. North Atlantic Deep Water response. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 27335–27354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risberg, J., Sandgren, P., Teller, J., Last, W., (1999). Siliceous microfossils and mineral magnetic characteristics in a sediment core from Lake Manitoba, Canada: a remnant of glacial Lake Agassiz. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, 1299–1314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rittenhouse, G., (1934). A laboratory study of an unusual series of varved clays from northern Ontario. American Journal of Science 28, 110–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, C.G., Vilks, G., (1994). The impact of glacial lake runoff on the Goldthwait and Champlain Seas: the relationship between glacial Lake Agassiz runoff and the Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 13, 923–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rominger, J., Rutledge, P., (1952). Use of soil mechanics data in correlation and interpretation of Lake Agassiz sediments. Journal of Geology 60, 160–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rooth, C., (1982). Hydrology and ocean circulation. Progress in Oceanography 11, 131–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreiner, B., (1983). Lake Agassiz in Saskatchewan. Teller, J.T., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 26, 75–96.Google Scholar
Schreiner, B., (1984). Quaternary geology of the Precambrian Shield. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines Report 221, (106 pp.).Google Scholar
Shuman, B., Bartlein, P., Logar, N., Newby, P., Webb, T., (2002). Parallel climate and vegetation responses to the early Holocene collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 1793–1805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D., Fisher, T., (1993). Glacial Lake Agassiz: the northwestern outlet and paleoflood. Geology 21, 9–12.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, C., Teller, J., (1997). Reconstruction of glacial Lake Hind in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology 17, 9–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarasov, L., Peltier, W.R., (2005). Arctic freshwater forcing of the Younger Dryas cold reversal. Nature 435, 662–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarasov, L., Peltier, W.R., (2006). A calibrated deglacial drainage chronology for the North American continent: evidence of an Arctic trigger for the Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 659–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., (1985). Lake Agassiz and its influence on the Great Lakes. Karrow, P., Calkin, P. Quaternary evolution of the Great Lakes. Geological Association Canada, Special Paper 30, 1–16.Google Scholar
Teller, J., (1990). Volume and routing of late glacial runoff from the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Research 34, 12–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., (2001). Formation of large beaches in an area of rapid differential isostatic rebound: the three-outlet control of Lake Agassiz. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 1649–1659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., (2002). Formation of large beaches in an area of rapid differential isostatic rebound: the three-outlet control of Lake Agassiz—reply to the comment by P.F. Karrow. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 2119–2122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., (2008). History and influence of the world's largest glacial lake. American Quaternary Association (AMQUA) Meeting, Abstracts. Penn State University, State Park, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Teller, J., (2012). The complex and uncertain history of overflow from Lake Agassiz. American Quaternary Association (AMQUA), Duluth, Program and Abstracts. 38–39.Google Scholar
Teller, J., Boyd, M., (2006). Two possible routings for overflow from Lake Agassiz during the Younger Dryas. A reply to comments by T. Fisher, T. Lowell and H. Loope on “alternative routing of Lake Agassiz overflow during the Younger Dryas: new dates, paleotopography, and a re-evaluation”. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 1142–1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., Clayton, L., (1983). Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association Canada Special Paper 26, (451 pp.).Google Scholar
Teller, J.T., Leverington, D.W., (2004). Glacial Lake Agassiz: a 5000 yr history of change and its relationship to the δ18O record of Greenland. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, 729–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., Thorleifson, L.H., (1983). The Lake Agassiz–Lake Superior connection. Teller, J., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association Canada, Special Paper 26, 261–290.Google Scholar
Teller, J.T., Thorleifson, L.H., (1987). Catastrophic flooding into the Great Lakes from Lake Agassiz. Mayer, L., Nash, D., Mayer, L., Nash, D. Catastrophic Flooding. Eighteenth Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium Allen Unwin, 121–138.Google Scholar
Teller, J.T., Yang, Z., (2009). Younger Dryas Paleotopography Modeling of the Northwestern Outlet of Glacial Lake Agassiz. American Geophysical Union (AGU), San Francisco.Google Scholar
Teller, J.T., Risberg, J., Matile, G., Zoltai, S., (2000). Postglacial history and paleoecology of Wampum, Manitoba, a former lagoon in the Lake Agassiz basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 943–958.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., Leverington, D., Mann, J., (2002). Freshwater outbursts to the oceans from glacial Lake Agassiz and their role in climate change during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 879–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., Boyd, M., Yang, Z., Kor, P., Fard, A., (2005). Alternative routing of Lake Agassiz overflow during the Younger Dryas: new dates, paleotopography, and a re-evaluation. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 1890–1905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J., Anderson, T., Boyd, M., Paulen, R., (2007). Lake Agassiz overflow during the Younger Dryas: an enigma. Canadian Quaternary Assoc. (CANQUA) Meeting, Ottawa, Program with Abstracts. Google Scholar
Thorleifson, L.H., (1996). Review of Lake Agassiz history. Teller, J.T., Thorleifson, L.H., Matile, G., Brisbin, W. Sedimentology, Geomorphology, and History of the Central Lake Agassiz Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Field Trip Guidebook B2, 55–84.Google Scholar
Upham, W., (1895). The Glacial Lake Agassiz. U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph 25, (658 pp.).Google Scholar
Voytek, E., Colman, S., Wattrus, N., Gary, J., Lewis, C.F.M., (2012). Thunder Bay, Ontario, was not a pathway for catastrophic floods from glacial Lake Agassiz. Quaternary International 260, 98–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warman, T.A., (1991). Sedimentology and History of Deglaciation in the Dryden, Ontario Area, and Their Bearing on the History of Lake Agassiz. (M.Sc. Thesis)University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.(248 pp.).Google Scholar
Wright, H., Stefanova, I., Tian, J., Brown, T., Hu, F.S., (2004). A chronological framework for the Holocene vegetational history of central Minnesota: the Steel Lake pollen record. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 611–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yansa, C., (2006). The timing and nature of late Quaternary vegetation changes in the Northern Great Plains, USA and Canada: a re-assessment of the spruce phase. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 263–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yansa, C., Ashworth, A., (2005). Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironments of the southern Lake Agassiz basin, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 20, 255–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J., Chow, N., Ferguson, I., Maris, V., McDonald, D., Benson, D., Halden, N., Matile, G., (2000). Gypsum rosettes in southern Manitoba, GeoCanada 2000 Meeting, Calgary. Google Scholar
Zoltai, S.C., (1961). Glacial history of part of northwestern Ontario. Proceedings of the Geological Association of Canada 13, 61–83.Google Scholar
Zoltai, S., (1967). Eastern outlets of Lake Agassiz. Mayer-Oakes, W.J. Life, Land, and Water. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg.107–120.Google Scholar