Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T01:11:31.479Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A lake sediment–based paleoecological reconstruction of late Holocene fire history and vegetation change in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2021

Christopher S. Cooper ,
David F. Porinchu Open the ORCID record for David F. Porinchu [Opens in a new window] ,
Scott A. Reinemann ,
Bryan G. Mark  and
James Q. DeGrand
Christopher S. Cooper
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, USA
David F. Porinchu*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, USA
Scott A. Reinemann
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Geography and Social Work, Sinclair Community College, Dayton, Ohio45402, USA
Bryan G. Mark
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, USA
James Q. DeGrand
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, USA
*
*Corresponding author at: Department of Geography, Environmental Change Laboratory, University of Georgia, 210 Field Street, Athens, GA30602. E-mail address: porinchu@uga.edu (D.F. Porinchu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Analyses of macroscopic charcoal, sediment geochemistry (%C, %N, C/N, δ13C, δ15N), and fossil pollen were conducted on a sediment core recovered from Stella Lake, Nevada, establishing a 2000 year record of fire history and vegetation change for the Great Basin. Charcoal accumulation rates (CHAR) indicate that fire activity, which was minimal from the beginning of the first millennium to AD 750, increased slightly at the onset of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Observed changes in catchment vegetation were driven by hydroclimate variability during the early MCA. Two notable increases in CHAR, which occurred during the Little Ice Age (LIA), were identified as major fire events within the catchment. Increased C/N, enriched δ15N, and depleted δ13C values correspond with these events, providing additional evidence for the occurrence of catchment-scale fire events during the late fifteenth and late sixteenth centuries. Shifts in the vegetation community composition and structure accompanied these fires, with Pinus and Picea decreasing in relative abundance and Poaceae increasing in relative abundance following the fire events. During the LIA, the vegetation change and lacustrine geochemical response was most directly influenced by the occurrence of catchment-scale fires, not regional hydroclimate.

Keywords

PaleoecologyPalynologyCharcoalGeochemistryLake sedimentWildfireDisturbanceNevadaMedieval Climate Anomaly (MCA)Little Ice Age (LIA)
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 104 , November 2021 , pp. 28 - 42
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahmed, M., Anchukaitis, K.J., Asrat, A., Borgaonkar, H.P., Braida, M., Buckley, B.M., Büntgen, U., et al. , 2013. Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience 6, 339.Google Scholar
Anderson, R.S., Davis, R.B., Miller, N.G., Stuckenrath, R., 1986. History of late- and post-glacial vegetation and disturbance around Upper South Branch Pond, northern Maine. Canadian Journal of Botany 64, 1977–1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J.S., Barber, M., Adams, M., Agboola, J.I., Allen, E.B., Bealey, W.J., Bobnik, R., et al. , 2014. The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. Sutton, M.A., Mason, K.E., Sheppard, L.J., Sverdrup, H., Haeuber, R. and Hicks, W.K., eds. In: Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 465–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J.S., Hall, E.K., Nolan, B.T., Finlay, J.C., Bernhardt, E.S., Harrison, J.A., Chan, F., et al. , 2013. The interactive effects of excess reactive nitrogen and climate change on aquatic ecosystems and water resources of the United States. Biogeochemistry 114(1–3), 71–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, L., Kashgarian, M., Rye, R., Lund, S., Paillet, F., Smoot, J., Kester, C., et al. , 2002. Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 659–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, B.W., Abbott, M.B., Finney, B.P., Kutchko, B., 2009. A 2000 year varve-based climate record from the central Brooks Range, Alaska. Journal of Paleolimnology 41, 25–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birks, H.J.B., 2007. Estimating the amount of compositional change in late-Quaternary pollen-stratigraphical data. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 16, 197–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaauw, M., Christen, J.A., 2011. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6, 457–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. (2009). Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon, 51(1), 337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, V.A., Brunelle, A., Minckley, T.A., Shaw, J.D., DeRose, R.J., Brewer, S. 2017. Climate variability and fire effects on quaking aspen in the central Rocky Mountains, USA. Journal of Biogeography 44, 1280–1293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, M.W., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M.F., Byng, J.W., Judd, W.S., Soltis, D.E., Mabberley, D.J., et al. , 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181, 1–20.Google Scholar
Christiansen, B., Ljungqvist, F.C., 2012. The extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere temperature in the last two millennia: reconstructions of low-frequency variability. Climate of the Past 8, 765–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cogan, D., Taylor, J.E., Schulz, K., 2012. Vegetation Inventory Project: Great Basin National Park. Natural Resource Report NPS/MOJN/NRR—2012/568. National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO.Google Scholar
Cook, E.R., 2006. Tree-ring reconstructions of North American drought: the current state and where do we go from here. The Pacific Climate Workshop On Climate Variability, March 26–29, 2006, abstract.Google Scholar
Cook, E.R., Woodhouse, C.A., Eakin, C.M., Meko, D.M., Stahle, D.W., 2004. Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science 306, 1015–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, J.D., Schoettle, A.W., 2009. Regeneration of Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis) three decades after stand-replacing fires. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 893–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, O.K., 1994. The correlation of summer precipitation in the southwestern USA with isotopic records of solar activity during the Medieval Warm Period. Climatic Change 26, 271–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunnette, P.V., Higuera, P.E., McLauchlan, K.K., Derr, K.M., Briles, C.E., Keefe, M.H., 2014. Biogeochemical impacts of wildfires over four millennia in a Rocky Mountain subalpine watershed. New Phytologist 203, 900–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faegri, K., Iversen, J., 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis. 4th ed. Faegri, K., Kaland, PE, Krzywinski, K. (eds.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Gavin, D.G., 2001. Estimation of inbuilt age in radiocarbon ages of soil charcoal for fire history studies. Radiocarbon 43, 27–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzschuh, U., 2007. Reliability of pollen ratios for environmental reconstructions on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Biogeography 34 (7), 1265–1273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, M.K., Brown, P.M., 1992. Drought frequency in central California since 101 BC recorded in giant sequoia tree rings. Climate Dynamics 6(3–4), 161–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, M.K., Graumlich, L.J., 1996. Multimillennial dendroclimatic studies from the western United States. In: Jones P.D., Bradley R.S., Jouzel J. (eds) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years. NATO ASI Series (Series I: Global Environmental Change), vol 41. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundey, E.J., Russell, S.D., Longstaffe, F.J., Moser, K.A., 2016. Agriculture causes nitrate fertilization of remote alpine lakes. Nature Communications 7, 10571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, K.A., 2001. Pinus flexilis. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (accessed May 29, 2020). https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinfle/all.html.Google Scholar
Johnstone, J.F., Allen, C.D., Franklin, J.F., Frelich, L.E., Harvey, B.J., Higuera, P.E., Mack, M.C., et al. , 2016. Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14, 369–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, V.R., North, M.P., Lutz, J.A., Churchill, D.J., Roberts, S.L., Smith, D.F., McGaughey, R.J., et al. , 2014. Assessing fire effects on forest spatial structure using a fusion of Landsat and airborne LiDAR data in Yosemite National Park. Remote Sensing of Environment 151, 89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapp, R.O., King, J.E., Davis, O.K., 2000. Ronald O. Kapp's Pollen and Spores. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation Publication, Dallas, Texas, USA.Google Scholar
Kitchen, S.G., 2012. Historical fire regime and forest variability on two eastern Great Basin fire-sheds (USA). Forest Ecology and Management 285, 53–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitchen, S.G., 2016. Climate and human influences on historical fire regimes (AD 1400–1900) in the eastern Great Basin (USA). The Holocene 26, 397–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kullman, L., 1995. Holocene tree-limit and climate history from the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. Ecology 76, 2490–2502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeDuc, S.D., Rothstein, D.E., Yermakov, Z., Spaulding, S.E., 2013. Jack pine foliar δ15N indicates shifts in plant nitrogen acquisition after severe wildfire and through forest stand development. Plant and Soil 373, 955–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loisel, J., MacDonald, G.M., Thomson, M.J., 2017. Little Ice Age climatic erraticism as an analogue for future enhanced hydroclimatic variability across the American Southwest. PLoS ONE, 12, e0186282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald, G.M., Kremenetski, K.V., Hidalgo, H.G., 2008. Southern California and the perfect drought: simultaneous prolonged drought in southern California and the Sacramento and Colorado River systems. Quaternary International 188, 11–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, M.E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R.S., Hughes, M.K., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., et al. , 2009. Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science 326, 1256–1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marlon, J.R., Bartlein, P.J., Gavin, D.G., Long, C.J., Anderson, R.S., Briles, C.E., Brown, K.J., et al. , 2012. Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109, E535–E543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, A.C., Harvey, W.J., 2017. The Global Pollen Project: a new tool for pollen identification and the dissemination of physical reference collections. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8, 892–897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLauchlan, K.K., Craine, J.M., Oswald, W.W., Leavitt, P.R., Likens, G.E., 2007. Changes in nitrogen cycling during the past century in a northern hardwood forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 7466–7470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWethy, D.B., Alt, M., Argiriadis, E., Battistel, D., Everett, R., Pederson, G.T. 2020. Millennial-scale climate and human drivers of environmental change and fire activity in a dry, mixed-conifer forest of northwestern Montana. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 3, 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meko, D.M., Therrell, M.D., Baisan, C.H., Hughes, M.K., 2001. Sacramento River flow reconstructed to AD 869 from tree rings 1. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37, 1029–1039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meko, D.M., Woodhouse, C.A., Baisan, C.A., Knight, T., Lukas, J.J., Hughes, M.K., Salzer, M.W., 2007. Medieval drought in the upper Colorado River Basin. Geophysical Research Letters 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mensing, S.A., Benson, L.V., Kashgarian, M., Lund, S., 2004. A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA. Quaternary Research 62, 29–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mensing, S.A., Sharpe, S.E., Tunno, I., Sada, D.W., Thomas, J.M., Starratt, S., Smith, J., 2013. The Late Holocene Dry Period: multiproxy evidence for an extended drought between 2800 and 1850 cal yr BP across the central Great Basin, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 78 266–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mensing, S., Livingston, S., Barker, P., 2006. Long-term fire history in Great Basin sagebrush reconstructed from macroscopic charcoal in spring sediments, Newark Valley, Nevada. Western North American Naturalist 66, 64–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mensing, S., Smith, J., Norman, K. B., Allan, M., 2008. Extended drought in the Great Basin of western North America in the last two millennia reconstructed from pollen records. Quaternary International 188, 79–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, P.A., Teranes, J.L., 2001. Sediment organic matter. In: Last, W.M., Smol, J.P. (Eds.), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Vol. 2, Physical and Geochemical Methods, pp. 239–269. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Millar, C.I., Westfall, R.D., Delany, D.L., Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., 2015. Recruitment patterns and growth of high-elevation pines in response to climatic variability (1883–2013), in the western Great Basin, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, 1299–1312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, E.L, Stanford Geological Survey, 2007 [mapping 1993–1997]. Geologic Map of Great Basin National Park and Environs, Southern Snake Range, Nevada. 1:24,000 scale. Stanford Geological Survey, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D.M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N.M., Karlén, W., 2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433, 613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mock, C.J., 1996. Climatic controls and spatial variations of precipitation in the western United States. Journal of Climate 9, 1111–1125.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A., 1978. An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis. Hodder and Stoughton, London.Google Scholar
Morris, J.L., Brunelle, A., DeRose, R.J., Seppä, H., Power, M.J., Carter, V., Bares, R., 2013. Using fire regimes to delineate zones in a high-resolution lake sediment record from the western United States. Quaternary Research 79, 24–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J.L., Brunelle, A., Munson, A.S., Spencer, J., Power, M.J., 2012. Holocene vegetation and fire reconstructions from the Aquarius Plateau, Utah, USA. Quaternary International 310, 111–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J.L., McLauchlan, K.K., Higuera, P.E., 2015. Sensitivity and complacency of sedimentary biogeochemical records to climate-mediated forest disturbances. Earth-Science Reviews 148, 121–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J.L., Mueller, J.R., Nurse, A., Long, C.J., McLauchlan, K.K., 2014. Holocene fire regimes, vegetation and biogeochemistry of an ecotone site in the Great Lakes Region of North America. Journal of Vegetation Science 25, 1450–1464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, K.A., Baron, J.S., Brahney, J., Oleksy, I.A., Saros, J.E., Hundey, E.J., Sadro, S.A., et al. , 2019. Mountain lakes: eyes on global environmental change. Global and Planetary Change 178, 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, N. A., 2014. Evaluating Near Surface Lapse Rates over Complex Terrain using an Embedded Micro-logger Sensor Network in Great Basin National Park. MS thesis, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Patterson, W.A. III, Edwards, K.J., Maguire, D.J., 1987. Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire. Quaternary Science Reviews 6, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, D.L., Johnson, M.C., Agee, J.K., Jain, T.B., McKenzie, D., Reinhardt, E., 2005. Forest Structure and Fire Hazard in Dry Forests of the Western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-628. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porinchu, D.F., Reinemann, S., Mark, B.G., Box, J.E., Rolland, N., 2010. Application of a midge-based inference model for air temperature reveals evidence of late-20th century warming in sub-alpine lakes in the central Great Basin, United States. Quaternary International 215, 15–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PRISM Climate Group, 2014. Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu.Google Scholar
Redmond, K.T., Koch, R.W., 1991. Surface climate and streamflow variability in the western United States and their relationship to large-scale circulation indices. Water Resources Research 27, 2381–2399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Ramsey, C.B., Buck, ., et al. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinemann, S.A., Porinchu, D.F., Bloom, A.M., Mark, B.G., Box, J.E., 2009. A multi-proxy paleolimnological reconstruction of Holocene climate conditions in the Great Basin, United States. Quaternary Research 72, 347–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinemann, S. A., Porinchu, D. F., MacDonald, G. M., Mark, B. G., DeGrand, J. Q., 2014. A 2000-yr reconstruction of air temperature in the Great Basin of the United States with specific reference to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. Quaternary Research 82, 309–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saito, L., Miller, W.W., Johnson, D.W., Qualls, R.G., Provencher, L., Carroll, E. and Szameitat, P., 2007. Fire effects on stable isotopes in a Sierran forested watershed. Journal of environmental quality, 36(1), pp. 91–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzer, M.W., Bunn, A.G., Graham, N.E., Hughes, M.K., 2014. Five millennia of paleotemperature from tree-rings in the Great Basin, USA. Climate Dynamics 42, 1517–1526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sambuco, E., Mark, B.G., Patrick, N., DeGrand, J.Q., Porinchu, D.F., Reinemann, S.A., Baker, G., Box, J.E., 2020. Mountain temperature changes from embedded sensors spanning 2000 m in Great Basin National Park, 2006–2018. Frontiers in Earth Science 8, 292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlesinger, W.H., Dietze, M.C., Jackson, R.B., Phillips, R.P., Rhoades, C.C., Rustad, L.E., Vose, J.M., 2016. Forest biogeochemistry in response to drought. Global Change Biology 22, 2318–2328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, S.I., Sardeshmukh, P.D., Webb, R.S., Oglesby, R.J., Barsugli, J.J., 2006. Understanding the mid-Holocene climate. Journal of Climate 19, 2801–2817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahle, D.W., Fye, F.K., Cook, E.R., Griffin, R.D., 2007. Tree-ring reconstructed megadroughts over North America since AD 1300. Climatic Change 83, 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, K., 2007. Wildfire and Prescribed Burning Effects on Nitrogen Dynamics in Central Idaho Headwater Ecosystems. Doctoral dissertation, University of Idaho, Boise, Idaho.Google Scholar
IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.Google Scholar
Stockmarr, J.A., 1971. Tabletes with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen Spores 13, 615–621.Google Scholar
Swetnam, T. W., Baisan, C. H., 2003. Tree-ring reconstructions of fire and climate history in the Sierra Nevada and southwestern United States. In: Veblen, T.T., Baker, W.L., Montenegro, G. and Swetnam, T.W. (eds.), Fire and Climatic Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas. Springer, New York, pp. 158–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swetnam, T.W., Betancourt, J.L., 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climate 11, 3128–3147.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R.S., 1992. Late Quaternary environments in Ruby Valley, Nevada. Quaternary Research 37, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uchytil, R.J., 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (accessed May 29, 2020). https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/piceng/all.html.Google Scholar
Umbanhowar, C.E. Jr., Mcgrath, M.J. 1998. Experimental production and analysis of microscopic charcoal from wood, leaves and grasses. The Holocene 8, 341–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[USGCRP] U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017. Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Vol. I. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, A., Nichols, G., 1995. Controls on the deposition of charcoal; implications for sedimentary accumulations of fusain. Journal of Sedimentary Research 65(1a), 129–135.Google Scholar
Wahl, D., Starratt, S., Anderson, L., Kusler, J., Fuller, C., Wan, E., Olson, H., 2015. A 7700 year record of paleoenvironmental change from Favre Lake, Ruby Mountains, Nevada. Quaternary International 387, 148–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, M.K., Whitlock, C., Bartlein, P.J., 2008. A 14,300-year-long record of fire–vegetation–climate linkages at Battle Ground Lake, southwestern Washington. Quaternary Research 70, 251–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterbolk, H.T., 1983. Ten guidelines for the archaeological interpretation of radiocarbon dates. In: Mook, W.G., Waterbolk, H.T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium: 14C and Archaeology, Groningen, 1981 (PACT 8). Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Strasbourg, pp. 57–70.Google Scholar
Westerling, A. L., 2016. Increasing western US forest wildfire activity: sensitivity to changes in the timing of spring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 371, 20150178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerling, A.L., Gershunov, A., Brown, T.J., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M.D., 2003. Climate and wildfire in the western United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84, 595–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerling, A.L., Hidalgo, H.G., Cayan, D.R., Swetnam, T.W., 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313, 940–943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerling, A.L. and Swetnam, T.W., 2003. Interannual to decadal drought and wildfire in the western United States. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 84(49), pp. 545–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western Regional Climate Center, 2008. Cooperative Climatological Data Summaries. https://wrcc.dri.edu/summary/Climsmnv.html.Google Scholar
Whitlock, C., Larsen, C., 2001. Charcoal as a fire proxy. In: Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B., Last, W.M. (Eds.), Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments. Vol. 3, Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators., pp. 75–97. Springer Science & Business Media. Berlin Germany.Google Scholar
Williams, A.P., Cook, E.R., Smerdon, J.E., Cook, B.I., Abatzoglou, J.T., Bolles, K., Baek, S.H., Badger, A.M., Livneh, B., 2020. Large contribution from anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought. Science 368, 314–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wise, E.K., 2012. Hydroclimatology of the US Intermountain West. Progress in Physical Geography 36, 458–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodhouse, C.A., Gray, S.T., Meko, D.M., 2006. Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River basin. Water Resources Research 42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodhouse, C.A., Meko, D.M., MacDonald, G.M., Stahle, D.W., Cook, E.R., 2010. A 1,200-year perspective of 21st century drought in southwestern North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107, 21283–21288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, J., Porinchu, D.F., 2020. A high-resolution sedimentary charcoal-and geochemistry-based reconstruction of late Holocene fire regimes in the páramo of Chirripό National Park, Costa Rica. Quaternary Research 93, 314–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J., Porinchu, D.F., Campbell, N.L., Mordecai, T.M., Alden, E.C., 2019. Holocene hydroclimate and environmental change inferred from a high-resolution multi-proxy record from Lago Ditkebi, Chirripó National Park, Costa Rica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 518, 172–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xue, T., Tang, G., Sun, L., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Dou, Y., 2017. Long-term trends in precipitation and precipitation extremes and underlying mechanisms in the US Great Basin during 1951–2013. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, 6152–6169.Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Liu, H., Li, F., Huang, X., Sun, J., Zhao, W., Herzschuh, U., et al. , 2012. Application and limitations of the Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae pollen ratio in arid and semi-arid China. The Holocene 22, 1385–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Cooper et al. supplementary material

Cooper et al. supplementary material

Download Cooper et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 1.7 MB