Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-01T05:35:51.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Insight into Western Pacific Circulation from South China Sea Coral Skeletal Radiocarbon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2019

Shoko Hirabayashi Open the ORCID record for Shoko Hirabayashi [Opens in a new window] ,
Yusuke Yokoyama Open the ORCID record for Yusuke Yokoyama [Opens in a new window] ,
Atsushi Suzuki ,
Yosuke Miyairi ,
Takahiro Aze ,
Fernando Siringan  and
Yasuo Maeda
Shoko Hirabayashi*
Affiliation:
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Department of Environmental Changes, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Yusuke Yokoyama*
Affiliation:
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Atsushi Suzuki
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
Yosuke Miyairi
Affiliation:
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
Takahiro Aze
Affiliation:
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
Fernando Siringan
Affiliation:
Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
Yasuo Maeda
Affiliation:
Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo, 6 Yayoigaoka, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1546, Japan
*
*Corresponding authors. Emails: hirabayashi.shoko.0202@gmail.com; yokoyama@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
*Corresponding authors. Emails: hirabayashi.shoko.0202@gmail.com; yokoyama@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The trajectory of the Kuroshio, the western boundary current in the north Pacific, influences regional climate. It intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait, resulting in the exchange of water, nutrients, heat, and salt between the Pacific and SCS. It has been reported that the trajectory of the Kuroshio has varied with decadal climate changes. However, there has been no report of an observation-based estimate of the variation in the Luzon Strait transport. Here, a 50-year, high-resolution coral skeletal radiocarbon (Δ14C) dataset from 1946 to 1994 is reported from Currimao, northwest of Luzon Island. Δ14C has been used as a sensitive tracer of seawater, and our data indicates a significant increase in Δ14C from 1946 to 1994 related to atmospheric nuclear bomb testing, with more rapid increase in the SCS than in the Pacific. The unusual, rapid Δ14C increase in the 1950s found in our SCS corals together with seasonal variation in Δ14C will helps constrain physical oceanographic models for the western Pacific, including the SCS.

Keywords

bomb-14CcoralEast Asian monsoonKuroshio South China Sea
Type
Conference Paper
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 61 , Issue 6: Radiocarbon 2018 Conference Proceedings Trondheim, Norway, June 17–22, 2018 Part 2 of 2 , December 2019 , pp. 1923 - 1937
Copyright
© 2019 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akhir, MF, Daryabor, F, Husain, ML, Tangang, F, Qiao, FL. 2015. Evidence of upwelling along peninsular Malaysia during southwest monsoon. Open Journal of Marine Science 5:273–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, AH, Asami, R, Iryu, Y, Kobayashi, DR, Camacho, F. 2016. Bomb produced radiocarbon in the western tropical Pacific Ocean: Guam coral reveals operation specific signals from the Pacific Proving Grounds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121:6351–6366.Google Scholar
Barthel, K, Rosland, R, Thai, NC. 2009. Modelling the circulation on the continental shelf of the province Khanh Hoa in Vietnam. Journal of Marine Systems 77(1–2):89–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, A, Goodkin, NF, Druffel, ERM, Griffin, S, Murty, SA. 2016. Upwelling of Pacific intermediate water in the South China Sea revealed by coral radiocarbon record. Radiocarbon 58(1):37–53.10.1017/RDC.2015.4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broecker, WS, Peng, TH, Östlund, G, Stuiver, M. 1985. The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 90:6953–6970.10.1029/JC090iC04p06953CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broecker, WS, Peng, TH. 1982. Tracers in the Sea. p. 690. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY: ELDIGIO Press.Google Scholar
Carton, JA, Chepurin, G, Cao, X, Giese, B. 2000. A simple ocean data assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950–95, Part I: Methodology. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30:294–309.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, C, Li, R. 2000. South China Sea isopycnal-surface circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30:2419–2438.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, PC, Fan, C, Lozano, CJ, Kerling, JL. 1998. An airborne expendable bathythermograph survey of the South China Sea, May 1995. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 103(C10):21637–21652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, WL. 1956. Wind and drift current in the South China Sea. The Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography 8:1–31.Google Scholar
Dippner, J, Nguyen, K, Hein, H, Ohde, T, Loick, N. 2007. Monsoon-induced upwelling off the Vietnamese coast. Ocean Dynamics 57(1):46–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druffel, ERM. 1981. Radiocarbon in annual coral rings from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 8:59–62 10.1029/GL008i001p00059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druffel, ERM. 1982. Banded corals: Changes in oceanic carbon-14 during the Little Ice Age. Science 218(4567):13–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Druffel, ERM. 1987. Bomb radiocarbon in the Pacific: Annual and seasonal timescale variations. Journal of Marine Research 45(3):667–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druffel, ERM. 1989. Decade time scale variability of ventilation in the North Atlantic: High-precision measurements of bomb radiocarbon in banded corals. Journal of Geophysical Research 94:3271–3285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druffel, ERM. 2002. Radiocarbon in corals: Records of the carbon cycle, surface circulation and climate. Oceanography 15(1):122–127.10.5670/oceanog.2002.43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druffel, ERM, Linick, TW. 1978. Radiocarbon in annual coral rings of Florida. Geophysical Research Letters 5:913–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druffel, ERM, Suess, HE. 1983. On the radiocarbon record in banded corals: Exchange parameters and net transport of 14CO2 between atmosphere and surface ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 88(C2):1271.10.1029/JC088iC02p01271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fallon, SJ, Guilderson, TP. 2008. Surface water processes in the Indonesian throughflow as documented by a high-resolution coral Δ14C record. Journal of Geophysical Research 113:C09001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, T, Wang, X. Zhang, J, Luo, C, Xue, Y. 2016. Dissolved inorganic radiocarbon in the northwest Pacific continental margin. Radiocarbon 58(03):517–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glynn, D, Druffel, ERM, Griffin, S, Dunbar, R, Osborne, M, Sanchez-Cabeza, JA. 2013. Early bomb radiocarbon detected in Palau archipelago corals. Radiocarbon 55(2):1659–1664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grottoli, AG, Eakin, CM. 2007. A review of modern coral δ18O and Δ14C proxy records. Earth-Science Reviews 81(1):67–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilderson, TP, Fallon, S, Moore, MD, Schrag, DP, Charles, CD. 2009. Seasonally resolved surface water D14C variability in the Lombok Strait: A coralline perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research 114:C07029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilderson, T, Schrag, D. 1998. Abrupt shift in subsurface temperatures in the tropical pacific associated with changes in El Nino. Science 281(5374):240–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hein, H. 2008. Vietnam upwelling—analysis of the upwelling and related processes in the coastal area off South Vietnam [PhD dissertation]. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg. 163 p.Google Scholar
Hsin, YC, Wu, CR, Chao, S-Y. 2012. An updated examination of the Luzon Strait transport. Journal of Geophysical Research 117: C03022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirabayashi, S, Yokoyama, Y, Suzuki, A, Esat, T, Miyairi, Y, Aze, T, Siringan, F, Maeda, Y. 2019. Local marine reservoir age variability at Luzon Strait in the South China Sea during the Holocene. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 455:171–177.10.1016/j.nimb.2018.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirabayashi, S, Yokoyama, Y, Suzuki, A, Miyairi, Y, Aze, T, Siringan, F, Maeda, Y. 2017b. Radiocarbon variability recorded in coral skeletons from the northwest of Luzon Island, Philippines. Geoscience Letters 4(1):15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirabayashi, S, Yokoyama, Y, Suzuki, A, Miyairi, Y, Aze, T. 2017a. Multidecadal oceanographic changes in the western Pacific detected through high-resolution bomb-derived radiocarbon measurements on corals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 18:1608–1617.10.1002/2017GC006854CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirabayashi, S. Yokoyama, Y, Suzuki, A, Kawakubo, Y, Miyairi, Y, Okai, T, Nojima, S. 2013. Coral growth-rate insensitive Sr/Ca as a robust temperature recorder at the extreme latitudinal limits of Porites . Geochemical Journal 47:e1–e5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, J, Kawamura, H, Hong, H, Qi, Y. 2000. A review on the currents in the South China Sea: seasonal circulation, South China Sea warm current and Kuroshio intrusion. Journal of Oceanography 56(6):607–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, JY, Kawamura, H, Hong, HS, Suetsugu, M, Lin, M. 2001. Hydrographic and satellite observations of summertime Upwelling in the Taiwan Strait: A preliminary description. Terrestrial. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 12(2):415–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, Q. 2009. Quaternary geochronology radiocarbon: A chronological tool for the recent past. Quaternary Geochronology 4(5):378–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, Q. Barbetti, M, Rakowski, AZ. 2013. Atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2010. Radiocarbon 55(4):2059–2072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Y, Luo, Y, Zhao, Z, Tao, S. 2010. Changes in wind velocity over China during 1956–2004. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 99(3–4): 421–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jing, Z, Hua, Z, Qi, Y, Zhang, H. 2007. Summer Upwelling in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. Presented at the 16 AFMC 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Gold Coast.Google Scholar
Kellogg, WW, Rapp, RR, Greenfield, SM. 1957. Close-in fallout. Journal of Meteorology 14(1):1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konishi, K, Tanaka, T, Sakanoue, M. 1981. Secular variation of radiocarbon concentrations in seawater: Sclerochronological approach, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila. p. 181–185.Google Scholar
Kumamoto, Y, Murata, A, Kawano, T, Watanabe, S, Fukasawa, M. 2013. Decadal changes in bomb-produced radiocarbon in the Pacific Ocean from the 1990s to 2000s. Radiocarbon 55(2):1641–1650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lan, J, Bao, X, Gao, G. 2004. Optimal estimation of zonal velocity and transport through Luzon Strait using variational data assimilation technique. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 22:335–339.Google Scholar
Larsen, T, Yokoyama, Y, Fernandes, R. 2018. Radiocarbon in ecology: Insights and perspectives from aquatic and terrestrial studies. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9(1):181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L, Dolman, A. J., Xu, Z. 2016. Atmospheric moisture sources, paths, and the quantitative importance to the Eastern Asian monsoon region. Journal of Hydrometeorology 17(2):637–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lien, RC, Ma, B, Cheng, YH, Ho, CR, Qiu, B, Lee, CM, Chang, MH. 2014. Modulation of Kuroshio transport by mesoscale eddies at the Luzon Strait entrance. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119(4):2129–2142.Google Scholar
Lin, L, Wang, YS, Sun, CC. 2011. Demonstration of a new indicator for studying upwelling in the northern South China Sea. Oceanologia 53(2):605–613, 614e, 614–622.10.5697/oc.53-2.605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, W, Yan, XH, Jiang, Y. 2015. Winter bloom and associated upwelling northwest of the Luzon Island: A coupled physical-biological modeling approach. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120(1):533–546.Google Scholar
Lukas, R. 2001. Pacific Ocean Equatorial Currents. In: Steele, JH, Thorpe, SA, Turekian, KK, editors. Ocean currents: A derivative of encyclopedia of ocean sciences. 2nd ed. United Kingdom (UK): Academic Press. p. 103–110.Google Scholar
Martin, MC, Villanoy, LC. 2008. Sea surface variability of upwelling area northwest of Luzon, Philippines. In: Tregoning, P, Rizos, C, editors. Dynamic planet: Monitoring and understanding a dynamic planet with geodetic and oceanographic tools. Berlin: Springer. p. 84–87.Google Scholar
Metzger, EJ, Hurlburt, HE. 2001. The nondeterministic nature of Kuroshio penetration and eddy shedding in the South China Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31(7):1712–1732.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitsuguchi, T, Dang, PX, Kitagawa, H, Yoneda, M, Shibata, Y. 2007. Tropical South China Sea surface 14C record in an annually banded coral. Radiocarbon 49(02):905–914.10.1017/S0033822200042776CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nan, F, Xue, H, Xiu, P, Chai, F, Shi, M, Guo, P. 2011. Oceanic eddy formation and propagation southwest of Taiwan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116:C12045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nan, F, Xue, H, Yu, F. 2015. Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea: a review. Progress in Oceanography 137:314–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ndah, AB, Becek, K, Dagar, L. 2016. A review of coastal upwelling research in the South China Sea: Challenges, limitations and prospects. International Journal of Earth and Atmospheric Science 3(4):63–72.Google Scholar
Nitani, H. 1970. Oceanographic conditions in the sea east of the Philippines and Luzon Strait in summers of 1965 and 1966. In: Marr, JD, editor. The Kuroshio—A Symposium on the Japan Current. Honolulu: East-West Center Press. p. 212–232.Google Scholar
Nitani, H. 1972. Beginning of the Kuroshio. In: Stommel, H, Yoshida, K, editors. Kuroshio: Physical aspects of the Japan Current. Seattle. University of Washington Press. p. 129–163.Google Scholar
Nozaki, Y, Rye, DM, Turekian, KK, Dodge, RE. 1978. A 200-year record of carbon-13 and carbon-14 variations in a Bermuda coral. Geophysical Research Letters 5(10):825–828.10.1029/GL005i010p00825CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, Z, Chen, T, Nie, B, Head, MJ, He, X, Zhou, W. 2003. Coral δ18O records as an indicator of winter monsoon intensity in the South China Sea. Quaternary Research 59: 285–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potemra, JT, Qu, T. 2009. Seas of Southeast Asia. In: Encyclopedia of ocean sciences 2nd ed. Cambridge: Academic Press. p. 305–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, T. 2000. Upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30:1450–1460.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, T, Mitsudera, H, Yamagata, T. 1998. On the western boundary current in the Philippine Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research 103(C4):7537–7548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos, RD, Goodkin, NF, Druffel, ERM, Fan, TY, Siringan, FP. 2019. Interannual coral Δ14C records of surface water exchange across the Luzon Strait, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124:491–505.Google Scholar
Shaw, PT, Chao, SY. 1994. Surface circulation in the South China Sea. Deep-Sea Research I 40(11/12):1663–83.10.1016/0967-0637(94)90067-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, S, Peng, Z, Zhou, W, Liu, W, Liu, Y, Chen, T. 2012. Variation of the winter monsoon in South China Sea over the past 183 years: evidence from oxygen isotopes in coral. Global and Planetary Change 98:131–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M, Pearson, GW, Braziunas, T. 1986. Radiocarbon age calibration of marine samples back to 9000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon 28:980–1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M, Polach, HA. 1977. Discussion: Reporting of 14C data. Radiocarbon 19(3):355–363.10.1017/S0033822200003672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M, Östlund, HG, McConnaughey, TA (1981), GEOSECS Atlantic and Pacific 14C distribution, Scope (Kalamazoo) 16:201–21.Google Scholar
Suzuki, A, Gagan, MK, Fabricius, K, Isdale, PJ, Yukino, I, Kawahata, H. 2003. Skeletal isotope microprofiles of growth perturbations in Porites corals during the 1997–1998 mass bleaching event. Coral Reefs 22: 357–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sverdrup, HU. 1942. Oceanography for meteorologists. New York. Prentice Hall. p. 246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, D, Kester, DR, Ni, IH, Kawamura, H, Hong, H. 2002. Upwelling in the Taiwan Strait during the summer monsoon detected by satellite and shipboard measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment 83:457–471.10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00062-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villanoy, CL, Cabrera, OC, Yñiguez, A, Camoying, M, de Guzman, A, David, LT, Flament, P. 2011. Monsoon-driven coastal Upwelling off Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines. Oceanography 24(1):156–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B. 2006. The Asian Monsoon. New York: Springer-Praxis. 787 p.10.1007/3-540-37722-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G, Su, J, Chu, PC. 2003. Mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea observed with altimeter data. Geophysical Research Letters 30(21):2121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, C-R. 2013. Interannual modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the low-latitude western North Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 110:49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, C-R, Chiang, T-L. 2007. Mesoscale eddies in the northern South China Sea, Deep Sea Research Part II 54(14):1575–1588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyrtki, K. 1961. Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters. In: NAGA report, Vol. 2. Scientific results of marine investigations of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand 1959–61. La Jolla: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Xie, S-P, Xie, Q, Wang, D, Liu, WT. 2003. Summer upwelling in the South China Sea and its role in regional climate variations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108(C8):3261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, J, Zhu, Q, Zhou, T. 1999. Sudden and periodic changes of East Asian winter monsoon in the past century. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology 10(1):1–8.Google Scholar
Xu, M, Chang, C, Fu, C, Qi, Y, Robock, A, Robinson, D, Zhang, H. 2006. Steady decline of East Asian monsoon winds, 1969–2000: evidence from direct ground measurements of wind velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: D24111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamane, M, Yokoyama, Y, Hirabayashi, S, Miyairi, Y, Ohkouchi, N, Aze, T. 2019. Small-to ultra-small-scale radiocarbon measurements using newly installed single-stage AMS at the University of Tokyo. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 455:238–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamane, M, Yokoyama, Y, Miyairi, Y, Suga, H, Matsuzaki, H, Dunbar, RB, Ohkouchi, N. 2014. Compound-specific 14C dating of IODP Expedition 318 core U1357A obtained off the Wilkes Land Coast, Anterctica. Radiocarbon 56(3):1009–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaremchuk, M, Qu, T. 2004. Seasonal variability of the large-scale currents near the coast of the Philippines. Journal of Physical Oceanography 34:844–855.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, Y, Anderson, JB, Yamane, M, Simkins, LM, Miyairi, Y, Yamazaki, T, Koizumi, M, Suga, H, Kusahara, K, Prothro, L, Hasumi, H, Southon, JR, Ohkouchi, N. 2016. Widespread collapse of the Ross Ice Shelf during the late Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(9):2354–2359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yokoyama, Y, Koizumi, M, Matsuzaki, H, Miyairi, Y, Ohkouchi, N. 2010. Developing ultra small-scale radiocarbon sample measurement at the University of Tokyo. Radiocarbon 52(2):310–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, Y, Miyairi, Y, Aze, T, Yamane, M, Sawada, C, Ando, Y, de Natris, M, Hirabayashi, S, Ishiwa, T, Sato, N, Fukuyo, N. 2019. A single stage accelerator mass spectrometry at the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 455:311–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, Y, Miyairi, Y, Matsuzaki, H, Tsunomori, F. 2007. Relation between acid dissolution time in the vacuum test tube and time required for graphitization for AMS target preparation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1):330–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, Y, Suzuki, A, Siringan, F, Maeda, Y, Abe-Ouchi, A, Ohgaito, R, Kawahata, H, Matsuzaki, H. 2011. Mid-Holocene palaeoceanography of the northern South China Sea using coupled fossil-modern coral and atmosphere-ocean GCM model. Geophysical Research Letters 38:L00F03.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Hirabayashi et al. supplementary material

Hirabayashi et al. supplementary material

Download Hirabayashi et al. supplementary material(File)
File 27.5 MB