Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-qks25 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-09T14:53:33.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Endometrial protein PP14: a new test of endometrial function?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2009

T Chard  and
F Olajide
T Chard*
Affiliation:
Department of Reproductive Physiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, UK
F Olajide
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, London Hospital Medical College, London, UK
*
Professor T Chard, Department of Reproductive Physiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The human endometrium produces a number of proteins which are at least partly specific to that tissue. Two of these proteins have been the subject of much recent work. They were originally called ‘placental protein 12’ and ‘placental protein 14’ (PP12 and PP14) because they were isolated by Hans Bohn from extracts of whole placentae. However, it is now clear that they arise from the maternal endometrium (decidua) rather than the fetal trophoblast. Placental protein 12 has been shown to be identical to the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). It is produced in many normal tissues and its measurement probably does not provide a specific index of endometrial function. By contrast, PP14 is detectable only in ‘reproductive’ tissues and, in theory, might be an excellent clinical test of endometrial function.

Type
Articles
Information
Reproductive Medicine Review , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , March 1994 , pp. 43 - 52
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Bohn, H, Kraus, W, Winckler, W. New soluble placental tissue proteins: their isolation, characterization, localization and quantification. In: Klopper, A ed. Immunology of human placental proteins. London: Praeger Publishing, 1982: 67–81.Google Scholar
2Beil, SD. Secretory/endometrial decidual proteins and their function in early pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil 1988; 36: 109–11.Google Scholar
3Petrunin, DD, Gryaznova, LM, Petrunina, YA. Comparative immunochemical characteristics of human chorionic alpha-1 and alpha-2 microglobulins. Bull Exp Biol Med USSR 1976; 85: 658–61.Google Scholar
4Sutcliffe, RG, Bolton, AE, Sharp, F. Purification of human alpha-uterine protein. J Reprod Fertil 1980; 58: 435.Google Scholar
5Joshi, SG, Ebert, KM, Swartz, DP. Detection and synthesis of a progestogen-dependent protein in human endometrium. J Reprod Fertil 1980; 59: 273–85.Google Scholar
6Sutcliffe, RG, Joshi, SC, Patterson, WF. Serological identity between human alpha-uterine protein and human progestogen-dependent endometrial protein. J Reprod Fertil 1982; 65: 207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Julkunen, M, Raikar, RS, Joshi, SG. Placental protein 14 and progestogen-dependent endometrial protein are immunologically indistinguishable. Hum Reprod 1986; 1: 7.Google Scholar
8Bell, SC, Hales, MW, Kirwan, PH, Drife, JO. Protein synthesis and secretion by the human endometrium and decidua during early pregnancy. Br Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: 793–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Bell, SC, Patel, S, Hales, HW, Kirwan, PH, Drife, JO. Immunochemical detection and characterization of pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins secreted by human endometrium and decidua. J Reprod Fertil 1985; 74: 261–70.Google Scholar
10Huhtala, ML, Seppala, M, Narvanen, A, Palomaki, P, Julkunen, M, Bohn, H. Amino acid sequence homology between human placental protein 14 and beta-lactoglobulins from various species. Endocrinology 1987; 120: 2620–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Wahlstrom, T, Koskimies, AI, Tenhunen, A et al. Pregnancy proteins in the endometrium after follicle aspiration for. in vitro fertilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985; 442: 402–406.Google Scholar
12Waites, GT, Bell, SC. Immunohistological localization of human pregnancy-associated endometrial α2-globulin (α2-PEG), a glycosylated β-lactoglobulin homologue, in the decidua and placenta during pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil 1989; 87: 291–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Kamarainen, M, Leivo, I, Julkunen, M, Seppala, M. Localization of progesterone-associated endometrial protein mRN A by in situ hybridization in human pregnancy, decidua, and endometriosis and borderline endometrioid adenoma. J Mol Endocrinol 1993; 10: 71–77.Google Scholar
14Bell, SC, Dore-Green, F. Detection and characterization of human secretory pregnancy-associated and endometrial alpha-2-globulin (α-2-PEG) in uterine luminal fluid. J Reprod Fertil 1987; 11: 13–16.Google ScholarPubMed
15Li, TC, Pockley, G, Bolton, AE, Cooke, ID. The variation of endometrial protein PP14 in different parts of the human endometrium. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1991; 34: 257–60.Google Scholar
16Tornehave, D, Fay, T, Teisner, B, Chemnitz, J, Westergaard, JG, Grudzinskas, JG. Two fetal antigens (FA-1 and FA-2) and endometrial proteins (PP12 and PP14) isolated from amniotic fluid: localization in the fetus and adult female genital tract. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol 1989; 30: 221–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Waites, GT, James, RFL, Walker, RA, Bell, SC. Human ‘pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-1-globulin’, a 32 kDa insulin-like growth factor-binding protein: immunohistological distribution and localization in the adult and fetus. J Endocrinol 1990; 124: 333–39.Google Scholar
18Li, TC, Ling, E, Dalton, C, Bolton, AE, Cooke, ID. Concentration of endometrial protein PP14 in uterine flushings throughout the menstrual cycle in normal fertile women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 460–64.Google Scholar
19Li, TC, Dalton, C, Hunjan, KS, Warren, MA, Bolton, AE. The correlation of placental protein 14 concentrations in uterine flushing and endometrial morphology in the peri-implantation period. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 1923–27.Google Scholar
20Bell, SD, Patel, SR. Immunochemical detection, physicochemical characterization and levels of human secretory pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-2-globulin (α2-PEG) in seminal plasma in men. J Reprod Fertil 1987; 80: 31–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Bolton, AE, Pinto-Furtado, LG, Andrew, CE, Chapman, MG. Measurement of the pregnancy-associated proteins, placental protein 14, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in human seminal plasma. Clin Reprod Fertil 1986; 4: 233–40.Google ScholarPubMed
22Julkunen, M, Wahlstrom, T, Seppala, M. Detection and localization of placental protein 14-like proteins in human seminal plasma and in the male genital tract. Arch Androl 1984; 12 (suppl): 59–62.Google ScholarPubMed
23Julkunen, M, Wahlstrom, T, Seppala, M. Human fallopian tube contains placental protein 14. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 1076–79.Google Scholar
24Cornillie, FJ, Lauweryns, JM, Seppala, M, Riitinen, L, Koninckx, P. Expression of endometrial protein PP14 in pelvic and ovarian endometriotic implants. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 1411–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Seppala, M, Koskimies, AT, Tenhunen, A, Rutanen, EM. Pregnancy proteins in seminal plasma, seminal vesicles, pre-ovulatory follicular fluid and ovary. An N Y Acad Sci 1985; 442: 212–26.Google Scholar
26Riitinen, L. Serous ovarian cyst fluids contain high levels of endometrial placental protein 14. Tumour Biol 1992; 13: 175–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Than, GN, Tatra, G, Bohn, H, Szabo, DG, Csaba, IF, Arnold, L. Placental protein 14 serum levels following conception. Med Sci Res 1987; 15: 1243–44.Google Scholar
28Sinosich, MJ, Pope, VZ, Pope, CE. A baboon model for pregnancy-associated antigens (PAPP-A, PP15, PP14). Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990; 247: 53–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Julkunen, M, Seppala, M, Janne, O. Complete amino acid sequence of human placental protein 14. A progesterone-regulated uterine protein homologous to β-lactoglobulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 8845–49.Google Scholar
30Bell, SC, Keyte, JW, Waites, GT. Pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-2-globulin (α2-PEG), the major secretory protein of the luteal phase and first trimester pregnancy endometrium is not glycosylated prolactin but related to beta-lactoglobulins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 1067–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Westwood, OMR, Chapman, MG, Totty, N, Philip, R, Bolton, AE, Lazarus, NR. N-terminal sequence analysis of human placental protein 14 purified in high yield from decidual cytosol. J Reprod Fertil 1988; 82: 493–500.Google Scholar
32Seppala, M, Riitinen, L, Julkunen, M. Structural studies, localization in tissue and clinical aspects of human endometrial proteins. J Reprod Fertil 1988; 36: 127–31.Google Scholar
33Bolton, AE, Clough, KJ, Stoker, RJ et al. Identification of placental protein 14 as an immunosuppressive factor in human reproduction. Lancet 1987; i: 593–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Bolton, AE, Pockley, AG, Stoker, RJ. Biological activity of placental protein 14. In: Chapman, M, Grudzinskas, JG, Chard, T eds. Implantation: biological and clinical aspects. London: Springer-Verlag, 1988: 135–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Okamoto, N, Uchida, A, Takakura, K et al. Suppression by human placental protein 14 of natural killer cell activity. Am J Reprod Immunol 1991; 26: 137–42.Google Scholar
36Chard, T, Grudzinskas, JG. Placental proteins and steroids and the immune relationship between mother and fetus. In: Coulam, CB, Page Faulk, W, McIntyre, JA eds. Immunological obstetrics. New York, London: WW Norton, 1992: 282–89.Google Scholar
37Critchley, HOD, Chard, T, Lieberman, BA, Buckley, CH, Anderson, DC. Serum PP14 levels in a patient with Turner's syndrome pregnant after frozen embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1990; 5: 250–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Critchley, HOD, Chard, T, Olajide, F et al. Role of the ovary in the synthesis of placental protein-14. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 97–100.Google ScholarPubMed
39Johnson, MR, Brooks, A, Norman-Taylor, JQ et al. Serum placental protein 14 concentrations in the first trimester of ovum donation pregnancies. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 485–87.Google Scholar
40Fay, TN, Jacobs, IJ, Teisner, B, Westergaard, JG, Grudzinskas, JG. A biochemical test for the direct assessment of endometrial function: measurement of the major secretory endometrial protein PP14 in serum during menstruation in relation to ovulation and luteal function. Hum Reprod 1990; 5: 382–86.Google Scholar
41Seppala, M, Ronnberg, L, Karonen, SL, Kauppila, A. Micronized oral progesterone increases the circulating level of endometrial secretory PP14/β-lactoglobulin homologue. Hum Reprod 1987; 2: 453–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Seppala, M, Alfthan, H, Vartiainen, E, Stenman, UH. The post-menopausal uterus: the effect of hormone replacement therapy on the serum levels of secretory endometrial protein PP14/β-lactoglobulin homologue. Hum Reprod 1987; 2: 741–43.Google Scholar
43Wood, PL, Waites, GT, MacVicar, J, Davidson, AC, Walker, RA, Bell, SC. Immunohistological localization of pregnancy-associated endometrial α2-globulin (α2-PEG) in endometrial adenocarcinoma and effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 95: 1292–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Laird, SM, Li, TC, Bolton, AE. The production of placental protein 14 and interleukin 6 by human endometrial cells in culture. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 793–98.Google Scholar
45Ren, SG, Braunstein, GD. Progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin do not stimulate placental proteins 12 and 14 or prolactin production by human decidual tissue in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 983–89.Google Scholar
46Howell, RJS, Olajide, F, Teisner, B, Grudzinskas, JG, Chard, T. Circulating levels of placental protein 14 and progesterone following Mifepristone (RU38486) and Gemeprost for termination of first trimester pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1989; 52: 66–68.Google Scholar
47Ruge, S, Sorensen, S, Vejtorp, M, Vejerslev, LO. The secretory endometrial protein, placental protein 14, in women with ectopic gestation. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 102–106.Google Scholar
48Johnson, MR, Abbas, A, Norman-Taylor, JQ et al. Circulating placental protein 14 in the first trimester of spontaneous and IVF pregnancies. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 323–26.Google Scholar
49Anthony, FW, Davies, DW, Gadd, SC et al. Lack of placental protein 14 production in pregnancy after frozen embryo transfer, down-regulation of anterior pituitary and administration of exogenous oestradiol and progesterone. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 737–39.Google Scholar
50Fazleabas, AT, Yeko, TR, Donnelly, KM, Dawood, MY, Bell, SC. Effect of clomiphene citrate on the synthesis and release of the human β-lactoglobulin homologue, pregnancy associated endometrial α2-globulin, by the uterine endometrium. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 783–90.Google Scholar
51Seppala, M, Martikainen, H, Ronnberg, L. Suppression of prolactin secretion during ovarian hyperstimulation is followed by elevated serum levels of endometrial protein 14 in the late luteal phase. Hum Reprod 1989; 4: 389–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52Joshi, SG, Bank, JF, Henriques, ES. Serum levels of progestogen-associated endometrial protein during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55: 642–47.Google Scholar
53Joshi, SG, Rao, R, Henriques, EE. Luteal-phase concentration of a progestogen-associated endometrial protein (PEP) in the serum of cycling women with adequate or inadequate endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 1247–51.Google Scholar
54Julkunen, M, Apter, D, Seppala, M, Stenman, UH, Bohn, H. Serum levels of placental protein 14 reflect ovulation in nonconceptional menstrual cycles. Fertil Steril 1986; 45: 47–50.Google Scholar
55Joshi, SG. Progestogen-dependent human endometrial protein: a marker for monitoring human endometrial function. Adv Exp Med Biol 1987; 230: 167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56Wood, PL, Walker, RA, Bell, SC. Serum levels of pregnancy-associated endometrial α2-globulin (α2-PEG) during normal menstrual and combined oral contraceptive cycles and relationship to immunohistological localization. Hum Reprod 1989; 4: 140–46.Google Scholar
57Byrjalsen, I, Riis, BJ, Christiansen, C. Serum placental protein 14 in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women – dependency on oestrogen/progestogen status. Maturitas 1990; 79: 88–93.Google Scholar
58Julkunen, M, Rutanen, EM, Koskimies, A, Ranta, T, Bohn, H, Seppala, M. Distribution of placental protein 14 in tissues and body fluids during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: 1145–51.Google Scholar
59Wathen, NC, Cass, PL, Campbell, DJ, Kitau, MJ, Chard, T. Levels of placental protein 14, human placental lactogen and unconjugated oestriol in extraembryonic coelomic fluid. Placenta 1992; 13: 195–97.Google Scholar
60Check, JH, Nowroozi, K, Check, ML, Vetter, B. Correlation of serum progestagen-associated endometrial protein levels with endometrial biopsies, serum steroid levels and therapy for luteal phase defects. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 511–14.Google Scholar
61McRae, MA, Galle, PC, Joshi, SG. The role of measurement of progestagen-associated endometrial protein in predicting adequate endometrial differentiation. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 761–65.Google Scholar
62Batista, MC, Bravo, N, Cartledge, TP, Loriaux, DL, Merriam, GR, Nieman, LK. Serum levels of placental protein 14 do not accurately reflect histologie maturation of the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81: 439–43.Google ScholarPubMed
63Batista, MC, Bravo, N, Cartledge, TP et al. Comparative analysis of progesterone and placental protein 14 measurements in the evaluation of luteal function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 1522–27.Google Scholar
64Wathen, NC, Perry, L, Lilford, RJ, Chard, T. Interpretation of single progesterone measurement in diagnosis of anovulation and defective luteal phase: observations on analysis of the normal range. Br Med J 1984; 288: 7–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Cooke, ID, Morgan, CA, Parry, TE. Correlation of endometrial biopsy and plasma progesterone levels in infertile women. Obstet Gynecol 1972; 79: 647–50.Google Scholar
66Check, JH, Vaze, MM, Raikar, RS et al. Late luteal phase progestogen-dependent endometrial protein levels in women with in-phase biopsies – can low levels predict a subfertile group. Int J Fertil 1992; 37: 350–53.Google Scholar
67Mackenna, A, Li, TC, Dalton, C, Bolton, A, Cooke, I. Placental protein 14 levels in uterine flushing and plasma of women with unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 1993; 59: 577–82.Google Scholar
68Than, GN, Tatra, G, Arnold, L. Serum PP14, SP1, and hCG values in the 28 days after the LH surge in patients who do and do not conceive after artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1988; 243: 139–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Check, JH, Nowroozi, K, Chase, J, Vaze, M, Joshi, S, Baker, AF. Serum progestogen–associated endometrial protein (PEP) levels in conception versus nonconception cycles following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. J In Vitro Fertil Embryo Transf 1990; 7: 134–36.Google Scholar
70Wood, PL, Iffland, CA, Allen, E et al. Serum levels of pregnancy-associated endometrial α2-globulin (α2-PEG), a glycosylated β-lactoglobulin homologue, in successful and unsuccessful assisted conception. Hum Reprod 1990; 5: 421–26.Google Scholar
71Nylund, L, Gustafson, O, Lindblom, B et al. Placental protein 14 in huma, in vitro fertilization early pregnancies. Hum Reprod 1992; 7: 128–30.Google Scholar
72Koninckx, PR, Riitinen, L, Seppala, M, Cornillie, FJ. CA-125 and placental protein 14 concentrations in plasma and peritoneal fluid in women with deeply infiltrating pelvic endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 523–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Telimaa, S, Kauppila, A, Ronnberg, L, Suikkari, AM, Seppala, M. Elevated serum levels of endometrial secretory protein PP14 in patients with advanced endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 866–71.Google Scholar
74Than, GN, Tatra, G, Szabo, DG, Bohn, H. Beta-lactoglobulin homologue placental protein 14 (PP14) in serum of patients with trophoblastic disease and nontrophoblastic gynaecologic malignancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1988; 243: 131–37.Google Scholar
75Pedersen, JF, Sorensen, S, Ruge, S. Serum level of secretory endometrial protein PP14 in intact ectopic pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 414–19.Google Scholar
76Ruge, S, Sorensen, S, Pedersen, JF, Lange, AP, Byrjalsen, I, Bohn, H. Secretory endometrial protein PP14 in women with early pregnancy bleeding. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 885–88.Google Scholar
77Wald, N, Stone, R, George, L. First trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and PP14 in Down's syndrome. Br Med J 1992; 305: 28.Google Scholar
78Howell, RJS, Bolton, AE, Chard, T. Placental protein 14 (PP14) in late pregnancy. Arch Gynecol 1986; 239: 27–29.Google Scholar
79lino, K, Sjoberg, J, Seppala, M. Elevated circulating levels of a decidual protein, placental protein 12, in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 68: 58–60.Google Scholar
80Howell, RJS, Economides, D, Teisner, B, Farkas, AG, Chard, T. Placental protein 12 and 14 in pre-eclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1989; 68: 237–40.Google Scholar
81Byrjalsen, I, Thormann, L, Riis, BJ, Christiansen, C. Serum placental protein 14 (PP14) reflects endometrial status during hormone replacement therapy. Hum Reprod 1992; 7: 1042–47.Google Scholar
82Byrjalsen, I, Riis, BJ, Christiansen, C. The measurement of secretory endometrial protein PP14 in serum from postmenopausal women receiving unopposed estrogen or continuous combined estrogen/progestogen. Gynecol Endocrinol 1989; 3: 143.Google Scholar
83Li, TC, Dalton, C, Bolton, AE, Ling, E, Warren, A, Cooke, ID. An analysis of the variation of plasma concentrations of placental proteins in artificial cycles. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 776–82.Google Scholar
84Byrjalsen, I, Thormann, L, Riis, BJ, Christiansen, C. Secretory endometrial protein PP14 in serum from post-menopausal women receiving continuous combined oestradiol-cyproterone acetate: correlation with serum hormone concentrations and bleeding patterns. Maturitas 1992; 15: 39–46.Google Scholar