Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T20:10:04.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Social Movements, Brexit and Social Policy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2018

Armine Ishkanian*
Affiliation:
Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics E-mail: a.ishkanian@lse.ac.uk

Abstract

In this article, I examine the relationship between social movements, Brexit and social policy and consider how political and socio-economic developments since the 2008 financial crisis helped create a fertile ground for Brexit. I query the assumption that Brexit was simply a result of those left behind by globalisation and instead explore why and how actors from across the ideological spectrum supported Brexit and examine the sources of discontent which created the conditions from which Brexit emerged. To understand the relationship, role and impact of social movements and, more widely, civil society on social policy, I argue that it is important to critically examine how diverse actors within civil society are campaigning for the recognition of unmet needs and challenging systems of redistribution and the ways in which they interact and engage with governance institutions and policy processes.

Type
Themed Section: European Social Policy and Society after Brexit: Neoliberalism, Populism, and Social Quality
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alcock, P. (2010) ‘A strategic unity: defining the third sector in the UK’, Voluntary Sector Review, 1, 524.Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. (2017) ‘Democracy Fatigue’, in Geiselberger, H. (ed.), The Great Regression, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Badiou, A. and Gauchet, M. (2016) What Is To Be Done? A Dialogue on Communism, Capitalism, and the Future of Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Biekart, K. and Fowler, A. (2013) ‘Transforming activisms 2010+: exploring ways and waves’, Development and Change, 44, 527–46.Google Scholar
Billis, D. (1993) Organising Public and Voluntary Agencies, London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Billis, D. and Glennerster, H. (1998) ‘Human services and the voluntary sector: towards a theory of comparative advantage’, Journal of Social Policy, 27, 7998.Google Scholar
Bobel, C. (2007) ‘‘I'm not an activist, though I've done a lot of it’: doing activism, being activist and the ‘perfect standard’ in a contemporary movement’, Social Movement Studies 6, 147–59.Google Scholar
Boukalaa, S. and Dimitrakopoulou, D. (2017) ‘The politics of fear vs. the politics of hope: analysing the 2015: Greek election and referendum campaigns’, Critical Discourse Studies,17, 1, 3955.Google Scholar
Brown, W. (2015) Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism's Stealth Revolution, New York: Zone Books.Google Scholar
Buxton, X. (2017) ‘Lexit: looking forwards, not backwards’, openDemocracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/looking-at-lexit/xavier-buxton/lexit-looking-forwards-not-backwards [accessed 14.12.2017].Google Scholar
Calhoun, C. (2013) ‘Occupy Wall Street in perspective’, British Journal of Sociology, 64, 2638.Google Scholar
Castells, M. (2012) Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, Cambridge, Polity.Google Scholar
Choonara, J. (2015) ‘EU referendum: should we stay or should we go?’, Socialist Review, http://socialistreview.org.uk/404/eu-referendum-should-we-stay-or-should-we-go [accessed 20.11.2017].Google Scholar
Clarke, J. (2004) ‘Dissolving the public realm? The logics and limits of neo-liberalism’, Journal of Social Policy, 33, 2748.Google Scholar
Clinton, H. (2016) ‘Hillary Clinton: 'half of Trump's supporters go into the basket of deplorables'’ [Video], The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2016/sep/10/hillary-clinton-half-of-trumps-supporters-go-into-the-basket-of-deplorables-video [accessed 20.12.2017].Google Scholar
Collier, S. J. (2012) ‘Neoliberalism as big Leviathan, or. . .? A response to Wacquant and Hilgers’, Social Anthropology, 20, 186–95.Google Scholar
Corbett, S. and Walker, A. (2018) ‘Review article: between neoliberalism and nationalist populism: what role for the ′European social model′ and social quality in post-Brexit Europe?’, Social Policy and Society, doi: 10.1017/S1474746418000349.Google Scholar
Crouch, C. (2011) The Strange Non-Death of Neoliberalism Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Deakin, N. (2001) In Search of Civil Society, Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Deakin, N. (2014) ‘Seize the agenda or risk becoming an instrument of the state’, in Slocock, C. (ed.), Making Good: The Future of the Voluntary Sector. London: Civil Exchange.Google Scholar
Della Porta, D. (2015) Social Movements in Times of Austerity, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Della Porta, D. (2017) ‘Progressive and regressive politics in late neoliberalism’, in Geiselberger, H. (ed.), The Great Regression, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Della Porta, D. and Diani, M. (2006) Social Movements: An Introduction, London, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dwyer, P. (1998) ‘Conditional citizens? Welfare rights and responsibilities in the late 1990s’, Critical Social Policy, 18, 493518.Google Scholar
Field, F. (2016) ‘Brexit would help us control immigration. Like me, many Labour voters want out’, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/14/eu-immigration-control-labour-supporters-voters-party [accessed 27.11.2017].Google Scholar
Flaherty, J. (2016) No More Heroes: Grassroots Challenges to the Savior Mentality, Chico, CA: AK Press.Google Scholar
Flinders, M. (2016) ‘The problem with democracy’, Parliamentary Affairs, 69, 181203.Google Scholar
Geiselberger, H. (ed.) (2017) The Great Regression, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
George, V. and Wilding, P. (1994) Welfare and Ideology, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Giugni, M. G. (1998) ‘Was it worth the effort? The outcomes and consequences of social movements’, Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 371–93.Google Scholar
Glasius, M. and Ishkanian, A. (2015) ‘Surreptitious symbiosis: engagement between activists and NGOs’, Voluntas 26, 2620–44.Google Scholar
Glasius, M. and Pleyers, G. (2013) ‘The global moment of 2011: democracy, social justice and dignity’, Development and Change, 44, 547–67.Google Scholar
Goodwin, J. and Jasper, J. M. (eds.) (2012) Contention in Context: Political Opportunities and the Emergence of Protest, Palo Alto: Stanford.Google Scholar
Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016) Brexit Vote Explained: Poverty, Low Skills, and Lack of Opportunities, London: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. (1978) Selections from Political Writings 1921–1926, London: Laurence and Wishart.Google Scholar
Halfpenny, P. and Reid, M. (2002) ‘Research on the voluntary sector: an overview’, Policy and Politics, 30, 533–50.Google Scholar
Harris, B. (2010) ‘Voluntary action and the state in historical perspective’, Voluntary Sector Review, 1, 2540.Google Scholar
Harris, M., Rochester, C. and Halfpenny, P. (2001) ‘Voluntary organisations and social policy: twenty years of change’, in Harris, M. and Rochester, C. (eds.), Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy: Perspectives on Change and Choice, London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (2007) A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ishkanian, A. and Ali, I. S. (2018) ‘From consensus to dissensus: the politics of anti-austerity activism in London and its relationship to voluntary organizations’, Journal of Civil Society, 14, 119.Google Scholar
Ishkanian, A. and Glasius, M. (2017) ‘What does democracy mean? Activist views and practices in Athens, Cairo, London and Moscow’, Democratization, 24, 1006–24.Google Scholar
Ishkanian, A. and Glasius, M. (2018) ‘Resisting neoliberalism? Movements against austerity and for democracy in Cairo, Athens and London’, Critical Social Policy, 38, 527–44.Google Scholar
Jasper, J. M. (2014) ‘Constructing indignation: anger dynamics in protest movements’, Emotion Review, 6, 208–13.Google Scholar
Joya, A. (2011) ‘The Egyptian revolution: crisis of neoliberalism and the potential for democratic politics’, Review of African Political Economy, 38, 367–86.Google Scholar
Kaldor, M. and Selchow, S. (2012) The 'Bubbling Up' of Subterranean Politics in Europe, Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Kaufman, E. (2016) ‘It's NOT the economy, stupid: Brexit as a story of personal values’, LSE British Politics and Policy, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/personal-values-brexit-vote/ [accessed 07.07.2016 and 20.12. 2017].Google Scholar
Keane, J. (2009) The Life and Death of Democracy, New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S. and Frey, T. (2008) West European Politics in the Age of Globalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laclau, E. (2005) On Populist Reason, London: Verso.Google Scholar
Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, London, Verso.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. (1999) ‘Reviewing the relationship between the voluntary sector and the state in Britain in the 1990s, Voluntas, 10, 255–69.Google Scholar
Lupton, R., Burchard, T., Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2013) ‘A framework for analysing the effects of social policy’, Social Policy in a Cold Climate, London: LSE CASE.Google Scholar
MacGregor, S. (2005) ‘The welfare state and neoliberalism’, in Sad-Filho, A. and Jonston, D. (eds.), Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader, London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Martin, G. (2001) ‘Social movements, welfare and social policy: a critical analysis’, Critical Social Policy, 21, 361–83.Google Scholar
Matsaganis, M. and Leventi, C. (2014) ‘Poverty and inequality during the Great Recession in Greece’, Political Studies Review, 12, 209–23.Google Scholar
Merkel, W. (2014a) ‘Is capitalism compatible with democracy?’, Zeitshrift fur Vergleichende Politkwissenschaft, 8, 109–28.Google Scholar
Merkel, W. (2014b) ‘Is there a crisis of democracy?’, Democratic Theory, 1, 1125.Google Scholar
Milbourne, L. and Cushman, M. (2015) ‘Complying, transforming or resisting in the new austerity? Realigning social welfare and independent action among English voluntary organisations’, Journal of Social Policy, 44, 463–85.Google Scholar
Milbourne, L. and Murray, U. (eds.) (2017) Civil Society Organizations in Turbulent Times: A gilded web?, London UCL Institute of Education Press.Google Scholar
Mishra, P. (2017) The Age of Anger: A History of the Present, London, Penguin.Google Scholar
Müller, J. W. (2017) What is Populism?, London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Murray, U. and Milbourne, L. (2017) ‘Civil society and neo-liberalism’, in Milbourne, L. and Murray, U. (eds.), Civil Society Organizations in Turbulent Times, London: UCL IOE Press.Google Scholar
Ong, A. (2007) ‘Neoliberalism as a mobile technology’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32, 38.Google Scholar
Peck, J., Theodore, N. and Brenner, N. (2012) ‘Neoliberalism, interrupted’, in Cahill, D., Edwards, L. and Stillwell, F. (eds.), Neoliberalism: Beyond the Free Market, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Peterson, A., Wahlstrom, M. and Wennerhag, M. (2015) ‘European anti-austerity protests - beyond “old” and “new” social movements’, Acta Sociologica, 58, 293310.Google Scholar
Plattner, M. F. (2015) ‘Is democracy in decline’, Journal of Democracy, 26, 510.Google Scholar
Pleyers, G. (2011) Alter-Globalization: Becoming Actors in the Global Age, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Powell, F. (2009) ‘Civil Society, social policy and participatory democracy: past, present, and future’, Social Policy and Society, 8, 4958.Google Scholar
Rochester, C. (2013) Rediscovering Voluntary Action: The Beat of a Different Drum, London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rochon, T. R. and Mazmanian, D. (1993) ‘Social movements and the policy process’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 528, 7587.Google Scholar
Simiti, M. (2017) ‘Civil society and the economy: Greek civil society during the economic crisis, Journal of Civil Society, 13, 357–73.Google Scholar
Smith, M. and Colliver, C. (2016) The Impact of Brexit on Far-Right Groups in the UK: Research Briefing, London: Institute of Strategic Dialogue.Google Scholar
Streeck, W. (2014) ‘How will capitalism end?’, New Left Review, 87, 3564.Google Scholar
Streeck, W. (2017) ‘The return of the repressed as the beginning of the end of neoliberal capitalism’, in Geiselberger, H. (ed.), The Great Regression, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Tarrow, S. (2011) Power in Movement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tejerina, B., Perugorria, I., Benski, T. and Langman, L. (2013) ‘From indignation to occupation: a new wave of global mobilization’, Current Sociology, 61, 377–92.Google Scholar
Thatcher, M. and Schmidt, V. A. (2013) ‘Conclusion: explaining the resilience of neo-liberalism and possible pathways out’, in Schmidt, V. A. and Thatcher, M. (eds.), Resilient Liberalism in Europe's Political Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. and Tarrow, S. (2007) Contentious Politics, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. (1984) Le Retour de l'Acteur, Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Tuck, R. (2016) ‘The left case for Brexit’, Dissent Magazine, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/left-case-brexit [accessed 27.11. 2017].Google Scholar
Van Stekelenburg, J. and Klandermans, B. (2013) ‘The social psychology of protest’, Current Sociology, 61, 886905.Google Scholar
Walker, A. (1998) ‘The Amsterdam declaration on the social quality of Europe’, European Journal of Social Work, 1, 109111.Google Scholar
Weldon, L. S. (2011) When Protest Makes Policy: How Social Movements Represent Disadvantaged Groups, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Wieviorka, M. (2005) ‘After new social movements’, Social Movement Studies, 4, 119.Google Scholar
Wintour, P. (2017) ‘Nick Clegg says threat of wealthy Brexit elite and populism damages UK’, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/22/nick-clegg-says-threat-of-wealthy-brexit-elite-and-populism-damages-uk [accessed 20.12. 2017].Google Scholar
Wolf, M. (2017) ‘The economic consequences of Jeremy Corbyn’, Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/0e956c1e-a8e5-11e7-93c5-648314d2c72c [accessed 20.12.2017].Google Scholar
Zagoria, T. (2017) ‘What next for Lexit? Left-wing Eurosceptics and their vision for Brexit’, New Statesman, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2017/08/what-next-lexit-left-wing-eurosceptics-and-their-vision-brexit [accessed 27.11.2017].Google Scholar