Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:29:04.140Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Theorizing Cross-Cultural Migrations: The Case of Eurasia since 1500

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 July 2017

Jan Lucassen  and
Leo Lucassen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this article we plead for a less state-centered definition of migration that allows us to understand better the relationship between cross-cultural migrations and social change and social development in the long run. Therefore, we developed a method that enables us to systematically compare CCMRs (cross-cultural migrations per capita) through time and space. This CCMR method puts issues of state policies and citizenship in a much broader social context. We conclude that the presentist approach to migration in the social sciences is highly myopic, as it privileges migrations crossing state borders over internal moves, and favors migrants who have the intention to settle for good. In itself this is a legitimate choice, especially if the core explanandum is the way migrants’ long-term settlement process in another (modern) state evolves. In the more empirical parts of this article however we have concentrated on the effects of Eurasian societies since 1500 that have received migrants. Sending societies and individual migrants and nonmigrants in sending and receiving societies have been largely left out. Finally, and paradoxically, integration and assimilation in the long run leads to diminishing opportunities of social development by cross-cultural experiences, because one could argue that due to globalizing migrations cultures converge further and thus cultural boundaries (as is already the case in migration to cities within culturally homogenous nation-states in the twentieth century) become less salient or disappear entirely. Logically speaking, this is also an implication of the model, presently to be developed further.

Type
Articles
Information
Social Science History , Volume 41 , Issue 3 , Fall 2017 , pp. 445 - 475
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J. A. (2012) Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Alba, R. D., and Nee, V. (2003) Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Aldrich, R. (1996) Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Appy, C. G. (1993) Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Bade, K. J., Emmer, P., Lucassen, L., and Oltmer, J., eds. (2011) The Encyclopedia of Migration and Minorities in Europe: From the 17th Century to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baines, D. (1985) Migration in a Mature Economy: Emigration and Internal Migration in England and Wales 1861–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Benhabib, S. (2004) The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berthoff, R. T. (1953) British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., and West, G. B. (2007) “Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (17): 7301–6.Google Scholar
Bosma, U., Kessler, G., and Lucassen, L., eds. (2013) Migration and Membership Regimes in Global and Historical Perspective. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, F. (2015) The Globalization of Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Castles, S., and Miller, M. J. (2003) The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. 3rd ed. New York: The Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Castles, S., Ozkul, D., and Cuba, M., eds. (2015) Social Transformation and Migration: National and Local Experiences in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico and Australia. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Comtat, E. (2009) Les Pieds-Noirs et la Politique: Quarante ans après le retour. Paris, SciencesPo: Les Presses.Google Scholar
Cross, H. (2013) “Labour and underdevelopment? Migration, dispossession and accumulation in West Africa and Europe.” Review of African Political Economy 40 (136): 202–18.Google Scholar
Daming, Z., and Yingqiang, Z. (1997) “Rural urbanization in Guandong's Pearl River delta: Farewell to peasant China,” in Guldin, G. E. (ed.) Farewell to Peasant China: Rural Urbanization and Social Change in the Late Twentieth Century. New York: M. E. Sharpe: 71–122.Google Scholar
Davids, C. A. (2008) The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davids, K., and Lucassen, J., eds. (1995) A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
de Haan, A. (2006) “Migration, gender, poverty: Family as the missing link,” in Arya, S., and Roy, A. (eds.) Poverty, Gender and Migration. New Delhi: Sage Publications: 107–28.Google Scholar
de Haas, H. (2010) “The internal dynamics of migration processes: A theoretical inquiry.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (10): 1587–1617.Google Scholar
de Moor, T. (2008) “The silent revolution: A new perspective on the emergence of commons, guilds, and other forms of corporate collective action in Western Europe.” International Review of Social History 53: 179–212.Google Scholar
de Moor, T., and van Zanden, J. L. (2010) “Girl power: The European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period.” Economic History Review 63 (1): 1–33.Google Scholar
de Vries, J. (1984) European Urbanization 1500–1800. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Diminescu, D. (2002) “Stratégies Roumaines.” Plein Droit 55: 13–16.Google Scholar
Drèze, J., and Sen, A. (2013) An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions. London: Allan Lane.Google Scholar
Farcy, J. C., and Faure, A. (2003) La Mobilité d'une Génération de Français: Recherche sur les Migrations et les Déménagements Vers et dans Paris à la fin du XIXe siècle. Paris: Institut National d’Études Démographiques.Google Scholar
Favell, A. (2008) Eurostars and Eurocities: Free Movement and Mobility in an Integrating Europe. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fechter, A.-M., and Walsh, K., eds. (2012) The New Expatriates: Postcolonial Approaches to Mobile Professionals. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Feys, T. (2013) The Battle for the Migrants: The Introduction of Steamshipping on the North Atlantic and Its Impact on the European Exodus. St. John's, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association.Google Scholar
Florida, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Foner, N., and Lucassen, L. (2012) “Legacies of the past,” in Crul, M. and Mollenkopf, J. (eds.) The Changing Face of World Cities: Young Adult Children of Immigrants in Europe and the United States. New York: Russell Sage: 26–43.Google Scholar
Fredette, J. (2014) Constructing Muslims in France: Discourse, Public Identity, and the Politics of Citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Gabaccia, D. R. (2000) Italy's Many Diasporas. London: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Gabaccia, D. R., and Hoerder, D., eds. (2011) Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcelon, M. (2001) “Colonizing the subject: The genealogy and legacy of the Soviet internal passport,” in Caplan, J. and Torpey, J. (eds.) Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 83–100.Google Scholar
Geehr, R. S. (1990) Karl Lueger: Mayor of Fin de Siecle Vienna. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1963) Agricultural involution: The process of ecological change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gelderblom, O. (2014) Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Glaeser, E. L. (2011) Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Goedde, P. (2004) “Gender, race and power: American soldiers and the German population,” in Junker, D., Gassert, P., and Morris, D. B. (eds.) The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 515–21.Google Scholar
Gozzini, G. (2006) “The global system of international migrations, 1900 and 2000: A comparative approach.” Journal of Global History 1 (1): 321–41.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, W. (2010) From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazard, A. Q. J. (2012) Postwar Anti-Racism: The United States, UNESCO, and “Race,” 1945–1968. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hoerder, D. (2002) Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium. Durham NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoerder, D., and Kaur, A., eds. (2013) Proletarian and Gendered Mass Migrations: A Global Perspective on Continuities and Discontinuities from the 19th to the 21st Centuries. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Höhn, M. (2002) GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Höhn, M., and Klimke, M. (2010) A Breath of Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Höhn, M., and Moon, S., eds. (2010) Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Jacka, T., Kipnis, A. B., and Sargeson, S. (2013) Contemporary China: Society and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jacob, Margaret C. (2006) Strangers Nowhere in the World: The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in Early Modern Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Jahan, S. (2015) Human Development Report 2015. New York: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Jensen, S. L. B. (2016) The Making of International Human Rights: The 1960s, Decolonization, and the Reconstruction of Global Values. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keeling, D. (2012) The Business of Transatlantic Migration between Europe and the United States, 1900–1914. Zurich: Chronos.Google Scholar
Kessler, G. (2014) “Measuring migration in Russia: A perspective of empire, 1500–1900,” in Lucassen, J. and Lucassen, L. (eds.) Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–20th Centuries). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill: 71–88.Google Scholar
Kok, J. (2004) “Choices and constraints in the migration of families. Central Netherlands 1850–1940.” The History of the Family 9 (2): 137–58.Google Scholar
Kok, J. (2010) “The family factor in migration decisions,” in Lucassen, J., Lucassen, L., and Manning, P. (eds.) Migration History in World History: Multidisciplinary Approaches. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill: 215–50.Google Scholar
Kraybill, Donald B., and Olshan, Marc Alan, eds. (1994) The Amish Struggle with Modernity. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Lucas, R. E. (2002) Lectures on Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lucassen, J., and Lucassen, L. (2009) “The mobility transition revisited, 1500–1900: What the case of Europe can offer to global history.” The Journal of Global History 4 (4): 347–77.Google Scholar
Lucassen, J., and Lucassen, L. (2010) “The mobility transition in Europe revisited, 1500–1900: Sources and methods.” IISH Research Paper 46. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: International Institute of Social History.Google Scholar
Lucassen, J., and Lucassen, L. (2014a) “Measuring and quantifying cross-cultural migrations: An introduction,” in Lucassen, J. and Lucassen, L. (eds.) Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries). Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill: 3–64.Google Scholar
Lucassen, J., and Lucassen, L., eds. (2014b) Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries). Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L. (1998) “The Great War and the origins of migration control in Western Europe and the United States (1880–1920),” in Böcker, A., Groenendijk, K., Havinga, T., and Minderhoud, P. (eds.) Regulation of Migration: International Experiences. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Spinhuis: 45–72.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L. (2005) The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L. (2013) “Population and migration,” in Clark, Peter (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 664–82.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L. (2016a) “Connecting the world: Migration and globalization in the second millennium,” in Antunes, C. and Fatah-Black, K. (eds.) Explorations in History and Globalization. London and New York: Routledge: 19–46.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L. (2016b) “Migration, membership regimes and social policies: A view from global history,” in Freeman, G. P. and Mirilovic, N. (eds.) Handbook on Migration and Social Policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 64–83.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L., and Laarman, C. (2009) “Immigration, intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period.” The History of the Family 14 (1): 52–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucassen, L., and Lucassen, J. (2014) “Quantifying and qualifying cross-cultural migrations in Europe since 1500: A plea for a broader view,” in Fauri, F. (ed.) The History of Migration in Europe: Perspectives from Economics, Politics and Sociology. London and New York: Routledge: 13–38.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L., and Willems, W., eds. (2012) Living in the City: Urban Institutions in the Low Countries, 1200–2010. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L., Saito, O., and Shimada, R. (2014) “Cross-cultural migrations in Japan in a comparative perspective, 1600–2000,” in Lucassen, J. and Lucassen, L. (eds.) Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries). Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill: 362–411.Google Scholar
Lucassen, L., Lucassen, J., de Jong, R., and van de Water, M. (2014) “Cross-cultural migration in Western Europe 1901–2000: A preliminary estimate.” IISH Research Paper 52. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: International Institute of Social History.Google Scholar
Lustick, I. (2007) “The unraveling of Algérie Française and the fate of the Pieds Noirs ,” in Kacowicz, A. M. and Lutomski, P. (eds.) Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books: 41–55.Google Scholar
Lynch, K. A. (2003) Individuals, Families, and Communities in Europe, 1200–1800: The Urban Foundations of Western Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Manning, P. (2005) Migration in World History. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Manning, P. (2006) “Homo sapiens populates the earth: A provisional synthesis, privileging linguistic evidence.” The Journal of World History 17 (2): 115–96.Google Scholar
Massey, D. S. (1990) “Social structure, household strategies and the cumulative causation of migration.” Population Index 56 (1): 2–26.Google Scholar
Mazower, M. (2009) No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
McKeown, A. (2008) Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and the Globalization of Borders. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
McKeown, A. (2014) “A different transition: Human mobility in China, 1600–1900,” in Lucassen, J. and Lucassen, L. (eds.) Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill: 279–306.Google Scholar
Metcalf, A. (2005) Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil 1500–1600. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Mignone, M. B. (2008) Italy Today: Facing the Challenges of the New Millennium. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Moch, L. P. (1983) Paths to the City: Regional Migration in Nineteenth-Century France. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Moch, L. P. (2003) Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Moch, L. P. (2012) The Pariahs of Yesterday: Breton Migrants in Paris. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. (2002) The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, I. (2013) The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nansheng, B. (2010) “Urbanization and movement of rural labor,” in Qiang, L. (ed.) Thirty Years of Reform and Social Changes in China. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill: 117–70.Google Scholar
Ness, I., ed. (2013) The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration (5 vols.). Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ngai, P. (2005) Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., and Weingast, B. R. (2009) Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogden, P. E., and White, P. E., eds. (1989) Migrants in Modern France: Population Mobility in the Later 19th and 20th Centuries. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Osterhammel, J. (2014) The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pargas, D. (2015) Slavery and Forced Migration in the Antebellum South. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, K., Kim-Jun, S. Y. et al. (2011) “The value of diversity in organizations: A social psychological perspective,” in Dick, R. van and Murnighan, K. (eds.) Social psychology and organizations. New York: Routledge: 253–72.Google Scholar
Pooley, C. (2013) “Mobility,” in Ness, I. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, vol. 1. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Pooley, C. G., and Turnbull, J. (1998) Migration and Mobility in Britain since the Eighteenth Century. London: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Price, R., ed. (1979) Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ravenstein, E. G. (1885) “The laws of migration.” Journal of the Statistical Society 48 (2): 167–235.Google Scholar
Rosental, P.-A. (1999) Les Sentiers Invisibles: Espace, Familles et Migrations dans la France du 19e siècle. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.Google Scholar
Rosental, P.-A. (2011) “Migrations, Souveraineté, Droits Sociaux. Protéger et Expulser les Étrangers en Europe du XIXe Siècle à nos Jours.” Annales Histoire Sciences Sociales 2: 335–73.Google Scholar
Rowe, W. (1984) Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796–1889. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sanborn, J. A. (2005) “Unsettling the empire: Violent migrations and social disaster in Russia during World War I.” The Journal of Modern History 77 (2): 290–324.Google Scholar
Sassen, S. (2005) “The Global City: Introducing a concept.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 11 (2): 27–43.Google Scholar
Schumann, D. (2009) Political Violence in the Weimar Republic, 1918–1933: Fight for the Streets and Fear of Civil War. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Scioldo-Zürcher, Y. (2010) Devenir Métropolitain: Politique d'Intégration et Parcours de Rapatriés d'Algérie en Métropole, 1954–2005. Paris: Éditions de l'EHESS.Google Scholar
Shen, J. (2014) “From Mao to the present: Migration in China since the Second World War,” in Lucassen, J. and Lucassen, L. (eds.) Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries). Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill: 335–61.Google Scholar
Shepard, T. (2006) The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Shibutani, T., and Kwan, K. (1965) Ethnic Stratification: A Comparative Approach. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sidbury, J. (2011) “Resistance to Slavery,” in Heuman, G. and Burnard, T. (eds.) The Routledge History of Slavery. London and New York: Routledge: 204–19.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L., and Moch, L. P. (2014) Broad Is My Native Land: Repertoires and Regimes of Migration in Russia's Twentieth Century. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L., and Moch, L. P. (2016) “Transnationalism in one country? Seeing and not seeing cross-border migration within the Soviet Union.” Slavic Review 75 (4): 970–86.Google Scholar
Stevenson, J. (2002) Hard Men Humble: Vietnam Veterans Who Wouldn't Come Home. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Sunderland, W. (2014) “Catherine's dilemma: Resettlement and power in Russia, 1500s–1914,” in Lucassen, J. and Lucassen, L. (eds.) Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–20th Centuries). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill: 55–70.Google Scholar
Swider, S. (2011) “Permanent temporariness in the Chinese Construction industry,” in Kuruvilla, S., Kwan Lee, C., and Gallagher, M. E. (eds.) From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press: 138–54.Google Scholar
Tang, W., and Holzner, B., eds. (2007) Social Change in Contemporary China: C. K. Yang and the Concept of Institutional Diffusion. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1978) “Migration in modern European history,” in McNeill, W. H. and Adams, R. (eds.) Human Migration: Patterns and Policies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 48–72.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1990) Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990. Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Torpey, J. (2000) The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Triulzi, A., and McKenzie, R., eds. (2013) Long Journeys: African Migrants on the Road. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
van den Heuvel, D., and Ogilvie, S. (2013) “Retail development in the consumer revolution: The Netherlands, c. 1670–c. 1815.” Explorations in Economic History 50 (1): 69–87.Google Scholar
van Lottum, J. (2011) “Labour migration and economic performance: London and the Randstad, c. 1600–1800.” Economic History Review 64 (2): 531–70.Google Scholar
van Lottum, J., Lucassen, J., and Heerma van Vos, L. (2011) “Sailors, national and international labour markets and national identity, 1600–1850,” in Unger, R. W. (ed.) Shipping and Economic Growth 1350–1850. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill: 309–52.Google Scholar
van Zanden, J. L., Baten, J., Mira d'Ercole, M., Rijpma, A., Smith, C., and Timmer, M., eds. (2014) How Was Life? Global Well-Being since 1820. Geneva, Switzerland, and Amsterdam, The Netherlands: OECD Publishing and IISH.Google Scholar
Weber, E. (1976) Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Whyte, M. K., ed. (2010) One Country, Two Societies: Rural Urban Inequality in Contemporary China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wimmer, A., and Glick Schiller, N. (2003) “Methodological nationalism, the social sciences, and the study of migration: An essay in historical epistemology.” International Migration Review 37 (3): 576–610.Google Scholar
Wood, B. (2011) “The origins of slavery in the Americas,” in Heuman, G. and Burnard, T. (eds.) The Routledge History of Slavery. London and New York: Routledge: 64–79.Google Scholar
Zelinsky, W. (1971) “The hypothesis of the mobility transition.” The Geographical Review 61 (2): 219–49.Google Scholar
Zhang, H. (2009) “Labor migration, gender, and the rise of neo-local marriages in the economic boomtown of Dongguan, South China.” Journal of Contemporary China 18 (61): 639–56.Google Scholar
Zhang, L., and Wang, G.-X. (2010) “Urban citizenship of rural migrants in reform-era China.” Citizenship Studies 14 (2): 145–66.Google Scholar